Parathyroid Cancer
The parathyroid gland is located at the base of the neck near the thyroid gland. It produces a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls how the body stores and uses calcium. Parathyroid cancer is a condition where the cells of the parathyroid gland become malignant (cancerous). Parathyroid cancers are rare; while problems with the parathyroid gland are common, these are not usually cancer related.



Information Patients and the Public (4 links)
National Cancer InstitutePDQ summaries are written and frequently updated by editorial boards of experts Further info.
Cancer.NetContent is peer reviewed and Cancer.Net has an Editorial Board of experts and advocates. Content is reviewed annually or as needed. Further info.
Tumours of the parathyroid glands
Macmillan Cancer SupportContent is developed by a team of information development nurses and content editors, and reviewed by health professionals. Further info.
Parathyroid Cancer - Cancer of the Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid.com
A site by the Norman Parathyroid Center, Tampa Florida. The site is primarily about hyperparathyroidism, but this page describes parathyroid cancer. The site also includes detailed background information about the parathyroid glands.
Information for Health Professionals / Researchers (3 links)
- PubMed search for publications about Parathyroid Cancer - Limit search to: [Reviews]
PubMed Central search for free-access publications about Parathyroid Cancer
MeSH term: Parathyroid NeoplasmsUS National Library of Medicine
PubMed has over 22 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Constantly updated.
National Cancer InstitutePDQ summaries are written and frequently updated by editorial boards of experts Further info.
Medscape
Detailed referenced article by Lawrence Kim MD, covering background, presentation, diagnosis, workup, treatment and follow-up.
Latest Research Publications
This list of publications is regularly updated (Source: PubMed).
Genetic profiling as a clinical tool in advanced parathyroid carcinoma.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019; 145(8):1977-1986 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate tumor-specific genetic changes using next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels.
DESIGN: All patients with advanced PC were tested for hot-spot panels using NGS panels including a 50-gene panel, a 409-gene panel if the standard 50-gene panel (Ion Torrent, Life Technology) was negative or a FoundationOne panel.
SETTING: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 11 patients with advanced PC were selected to undergo molecular testing.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Genetic profiles of advanced PC.
RESULTS: Among the 11 patients, 4 patients had the 50-gene panel only, 6 had 409-gene panel after a negative 50-gene panel and 1 had FoundationOne. One patient who had 50-gene panel only also had his metastatic site (esophagus) of his tumor tested with FoundationOne. The most common mutations identified were in the PI3 K (PIK3CA, TSC1 and ATM) (4/11 patients) and TP53 (3/11) pathways. Genes not previously reported to be mutated in PC included: SDHA, TERT promoter and DICER1. Actionable mutations were found in 54% (6/11) of the patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Mutational profiling using NGS panels in advanced PC has yielded important potentially targetable genetic alterations. Larger studies are needed to identify commonly mutated genes in advanced PC patients. Development of novel therapies targeting these cellular pathways should be considered.
Unusual recurrent renal secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by hyperplastic autograft with supernumerary parathyroid adenoma: A case report.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(24):e16077 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PATIENT CONCERNS: A 67-year-old man undergoing TPTX+FAT 4 years previously for renal SHPT, who received regular hemodialysis with active vitamin D supplements of Rocaltrol treatment postoperatively, was admitted to our hospital with progressively elevated serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from 176 to 1266 pg/mL for 8 months and bilateral ankle joints pain for 1 month. Tc-sestamibi dual-phase imaging with single positron emission tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) revealed a nodule in suprasternal fossa, besides a nodule in autografted site, accompanied with intense radioactivity.
DIAGNOSIS: Recurrent SHPT was easily diagnosed based on previous medical history, painful joints, increased serum iPTH level and positive findings of Tc-sestamibi imaging. Routine postoperative pathology showed that the nodules were consistent with an adenomatoid hyperplasic autograft and a supernumerary parathyroid adenoma in suprasternal fossa, respectively.
INTERVENTIONS: Reoperation for removing nodules in suprasternal fossa and autografted site was performed 1 month later. Then regular hemodialysis 3 times a week with Rocaltrol was continued.
OUTCOMES: During 12 months of follow-up, the joints pain improved obviously and the serum iPTH level ranged from 30.1 to 442 pg/mL.
LESSONS: Although rare, recurrent renal SHPT may be caused by a coexistence of both hyperfunctional autograft and SPG after TPTX+FAT. The Tc-sestamibi parathyroid imaging with SPECT/CT is helpful to locate the culprits of recurrent renal SHPT before reoperation. To prevent recurrence of renal SHPT, the present initial surgical procedures should be further optimized in patient on permanent hemodialysis.
Clinical Value of Tc99m-MIBI SPECT/CT Versus 4D-CT or US in Management of Patients With Hyperparathyroidism.
Ear Nose Throat J. 2019; 98(3):149-157 [PubMed] Related Publications
Parathyroid carcinoma: a case report.
Exp Oncol. 2019; 41(1):72-75 [PubMed] Related Publications
The role of F18-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in localizing parathyroid adenomas.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019; 276(5):1509-1516 [PubMed] Related Publications
METHODS: Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were recruited from February 2016 to August 2017 and F18-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was performed to localize the parathyroid adenoma prior to surgery. We compared sensitivity and accuracy of this modality with ultrasound and technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy using the verified location of the diseased parathyroid as found in surgery.
RESULTS: Nineteen patients were included in our study (15 women and 4 men, mean age 60.5 ± 9.8 years). Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging precisely localized the pathologic parathyroid gland in 16/19 cases (84.2%) and predicted the diseased side in 19/19 cases (100%). Ultrasound and technetium 99 m methoxyisobutylisonitrile sestamibi scintigraphy predicted the location of the parathyroid adenoma in 16/19 (84.2%) and 14/19 (74%), respectively. In 3/19 patients, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging localized the parathyroid adenoma where as other modalities failed. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was more accurate when compared to each modality separately (p < 0.001, p = 0.017), however, when comparing the three modalities all together no differences were found (p = 0.506).
CONCLUSIONS: Localizing parathyroid adenomas with F18-fluorocholine positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging may be a promising secondary imaging modality.
THE INFLUENCE OF SURGICAL EXTENT AND PARAFIBROMIN STAINING ON THE OUTCOME OF PARATHYROID CARCINOMA: 20-YEAR EXPERIENCE FROM A SINGLE INSTITUTE.
Endocr Pract. 2019; 25(7):634-641 [PubMed] Related Publications
CT features of parathyroid carcinomas: comparison with benign parathyroid lesions.
Jpn J Radiol. 2019; 37(5):380-389 [PubMed] Related Publications
METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 82 patients with 76 BPs (62 adenomas and 14 hyperplastic lesions) and 6 PCs. CT features (size, short-to-long axis ratio, shape, peritumoral infiltration, homogeneity, calcification, attenuation values on unenhanced CT, and contrast enhancement during arterial and venous phases) were compared between PCs and BPs. The diagnostic performance of CT features for diagnosing PCs was calculated for these individual parameters.
RESULTS: Short-to-long axis ratio was significantly larger in PCs (0.7 ± 0.1) than in BPs (0.5 ± 0.1, p = 0.004). Irregular shape (33%), the presence of peritumoral infiltration (50%), and calcification (33%) were significantly more common in PCs than BPs. The contrast enhancement value was significantly lower in PCs than BPs during arterial (p = 0.004) and venous phases (p = 0.044). The 100% sensitivity criterion for the short-to-long axis ratio (≥ 0.53), enhancement during arterial phase (≤ 56.6HU), and venous phase (≤ 59.5HU) yielded accuracies (62.1%, 71.9%, and 75.4%, respectively). Irregular shape, peritumoral infiltration, and calcification showed high specificity (98.7%) and accuracy (93.9%, 95.1%, and 93.9%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: CT features of high short-to-long axis ratio, irregular shape, the presence of peritumoral infiltration and calcification, and low contrast enhancement may aid in distinguishing PCs from BPs.
Importance of Parathyroid Hormone Needle Aspiration Washout in Adenoma Localization in Primary Hyperparathyroidism.
Med Sci Monit. 2019; 25:1694-1698 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The diagnostic value of 4D MRI at 3T for the localization of parathyroid adenomas.
Eur J Radiol. 2019; 112:207-213 [PubMed] Related Publications
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative 4D MRI scans, encompassing dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences and non-contrast enhanced (non-CE) sequences, including a T2-weighted multipoint Dixon (T2-mDixon) sequence, with in-phase, out-phase, and water-only images, were evaluated retrospectively in 41 patients with surgically proven parathyroid lesions. Two readers who were blinded to the surgical findings independently reviewed the images in two sessions (non-CE sequences alone and non-CE + DCE sequences). The MRI localization of the suspected adenoma in each session and the consensus interpretation of the MRI images, were compared with the surgical results and interobserver agreement was assessed.
RESULTS: By interpreting the non-CE sequences alone, reader 1 correctly localized 34 parathyroid lesions (sensitivity 81.0%, positive predictive value (PPV) 87.2%), and reader 2 correctly localized 34 parathyroid lesions (sensitivity 81.0%, PPV 91.9%). With the addition of DCE sequences, reader 1 correctly identified 35 parathyroid lesions (sensitivity 83.3%, PPV 87.5%), while reader 2 correctly identified 36 parathyroid lesions (sensitivity 85.7%, PPV 92.3%). Overall, MRI detected 38 parathyroid lesions (sensitivity 90.5%, PPV 95.0%). Interobserver agreement was slightly superior in non-CE + DCE sequences compared to non-CE sequences alone (ĸ = 0.796 vs. ĸ = 0.738).
CONCLUSION: 4D MRI with DCE sequencing is a reliable method for the localization of parathyroid adenomas.
Ectopic Parathyroid Adenoma: Surgical Correction and its Complication Management.
Mymensingh Med J. 2019; 28(1):245-249 [PubMed] Related Publications
PRE-OPERATIVE LOCALIZATION OF PARATHYROID ADENOMA: PERFORMANCE OF 4D MRI PARATHYROID PROTOCOL.
Endocr Pract. 2019; 25(4):361-365 [PubMed] Related Publications
Diagnostic pitfalls in a cystic ectopic intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma mimicking a nodular goiter: A care-compliant case report.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(5):e14351 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PATIENT CONCERNS: An 82-year-old male musician presented abrupt thyroid enlargement, hoarseness, and trachea compression when he was playing the clarinet. Thyroid and renal function tests were normal. Serum-free calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were in high concentration. Thyroid ultrasonography (US) detected a giant and cystic nodule within right thyroid lobe, which is the very image of cystic nodular goiter. Parathyroid US was negative. The cystic nodule had a decreasing radioactive uptake of Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-MIBI). At patient's request, the invasive fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was not conducted.
DIAGNOSES: The patient was initially diagnosed as cystic nodular goiter and inconclusive PHPT.
INTERVENTIONS: Enucleation of solitary cystic intrathyroidal nodule was conducted.
OUTCOMES: The cystic nodule strongly resembled a nodular goiter grossly, but it was proved cystic ETPA by histopathology. Postoperative follow-ups found that serum-free calcium and PTH decreased sharply into normal range, and hoarseness and trachea displacement were obviously improved.
LESSONS: The diagnosis of cystic ETPA is easily overlooked for its rarity. Diagnostic pitfalls, including atypical symptoms, inconclusive imaging manifestation, and unidentified gross specimen, are highlighted. They make the diagnosis of PHPT caused by cystic ETPA challenging. Patients would rather choose surgical excision directly than invasive FNA. Acute hemorrhage of the preexisting ETPA may account for the cystic degeneration.
Parathyroid adenoma presenting with spontaneous cervical and anterior mediastinal hemorrhage: A case report.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(5):e14347 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PATIENT CONCERNS: A 69-year-old woman presented with neck hematoma and dysphagia and was found to have a soft tissue mass adjacent to her thyroid gland as seen on MRI and neck ultrasound.
DIAGNOSIS: Laboratory testing demonstrated elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone supporting diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma.
INTERVENTIONS: She underwent right inferior parathyroidectomy and en bloc right hemithyroidectomy due to significant fibrosis.
OUTCOMES: Pathology confirmed hypercellular parathyroid and normal thyroid tissue. Postoperatively, patient's calcium and parathyroid hormone levels had normalized.
LESSONS: In conclusion, imaging may not always be specific in identifying the source of neck hematoma and so laboratory studies should be done to rule out parathyroid adenoma as the underlying etiology.
The role of combined techniques of scintigraphy and SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(4):e14154 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PATIENT CONCERNS: We presented the case of a male Caucasian patient, aged 67 years, who was investigated for hypercalcemia. Increased levels of parathormone, cervical ultrasonography without pathological changes, and negative planar parathyroid scintigraphy have led to the performance of a parathyroid scintigraphy combined with SPECT/CT.
DIAGNOSES: The diagnosis of right inferior parathyroid adenoma was confirmed by the 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT/CT that revealed on early phase increased radiotracer uptake in the area of projection of the lower third of the right thyroid lobe. The SPECT/CT scan localized this area behind the lower pole of the right thyroid lobe, in the right side of the trachea, with CT correspondent of hypodense lesion, with a maximum diameter of 20 mm.
INTERVENTIONS: During hospitalization, the decision to undergo surgical intervention was taken. The patient underwent surgical intervention, and minimally-invasive right inferior parathyroidectomy was performed.
OUTCOMES: The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis and the patient's recovery was complete, with the normalization of parathormone, calcium levels, and metabolic parameters.
LESSONS: Modern combined techniques of scintigraphy and SPECT/CT proved to be of excellent clinical utility in the preoperative diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, localizing a parathyroid tumor undetected by planar scintigraphy alone.
Parathyroid Carcinoma.
Front Horm Res. 2019; 51:63-76 [PubMed] Related Publications
A Case of Pregnancy Complicated by Primary Hyperparathyroidism Due to a Parathyroid Adenoma.
Am J Case Rep. 2019; 20:53-59 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Two Different Causes of Paediatric Hypercalcaemia.
Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2018; 18(3):e389-e392 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Previously unreported deletion of CDC73 involving exons 1-13 was detected in a patient with recurrent parathyroid carcinoma.
BMJ Case Rep. 2018; 11(1) [PubMed] Related Publications
J Int Med Res. 2019; 47(2):836-845 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: We reviewed 268 patients with PHPT. All patients underwent technetium-99m pertechnetate (
RESULTS: The positive and negative predictive values of
CONCLUSIONS: These finding suggest that
Parathyroid carcinoma.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 32(6):877-889 [PubMed] Related Publications
Targeted Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy for Ectopic Aortopulmonary Adenoma Under Gamma Probe Guidance.
Innovations (Phila). 2018 Nov/Dec; 13(6):451-454 [PubMed] Related Publications
Molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid tumours.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 32(6):891-908 [PubMed] Related Publications
Preoperative Parathyroid Imaging: Trends in Utilization and Comparative Accuracy of Sonography, Scintigraphy, and 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography.
J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2019 Mar/Apr; 43(2):264-268 [PubMed] Related Publications
METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent parathyroid surgery from 2009 to 2014 was performed. Utilization and accuracy were compared for sonography, scintigraphy, and 4DCT.
RESULTS: The study population was composed of 604 patients with 850 adenomas or hyperplastic glands. Sonography was the most common imaging modality, performed in 91.2% (551/604) of patients. The utilization of 4DCT increased in the study period from 1.5% (2/133) in 2009-2010 to 75.8% (72/95) in 2013-2014 (P < 0.01). The overall sensitivities of sonography, scintigraphy, and 4DCT, regardless of order of imaging or imaging algorithm, were 58.6% (456/778), 49.1% (317/645), and 82.3% (121/147), respectively (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Four-dimensional CT has the highest sensitivity for localization of parathyroid adenomas regardless of order of imaging or imaging algorithm.
The diagnostic value of parathyroid hormone washout in primary hyperparathyroidism patients with negative or equivocal 99 m Tc-MIBI results.
Diagn Cytopathol. 2019; 47(2):94-99 [PubMed] Related Publications
METHODS: We evaluated data of 28 lesions in 21 patients who underwent US-guided parathyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with PTH washout, retrospectively. The PTH washout results and the reports of parathyroid surgery and imaging studies were reviewed.
RESULTS: Of operated 28 lesions 23 had positive and 5 had negative washout results. The median FNA-PTH washout was 2315.5 pg/ ml (min-max: 12.3-6978 pg/ ml). The calculated sensitivity of FNA-PTH washout was 85.7% and the specifity was 28.6%. The positive and negative predictive values were 78.3% and 40.0%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: FNA-PTH can be used to establish the nature of the lesion, discriminate parathyroid gland from thyroid lesions or cervical lymph nodes, improving the surgical outcomes. It can be used to localise parathyroid lesions preoperatively when negative or discordant ultrasound and scintigraphy findings are obtained.
Synchronous Metastatic Breast Carcinoma and Parathyroid Adenoma on 18F-FDG PET/CT and 99mTc-Sestamibi Imaging.
Clin Nucl Med. 2019; 44(2):148-149 [PubMed] Related Publications
A Rare Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Caused by a Giant Solitary Parathyroid Adenoma.
Am J Case Rep. 2018; 19:1334-1337 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Validation of a novel method for localization of parathyroid adenomas using SPECT/CT.
J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018; 47(1):65 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHOD: This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for a single adenoma between 2010-2017. SPECT/CT images were reviewed by two staff Otolaryngologists, a Radiologist, an Otolaryngology fellow and Otolaryngology resident. Results were compared using intra-operative report as the gold standard. Overall accuracy in determining superior/inferior and right/left adenomas was calculated, as well as Cohen's Kappa to determine agreement with operative report and inter-rater reliability. The performance was compared to that of the original radiology report.
RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients met criteria and were included. Our method correctly identified the location of the adenoma in terms of both side and superior/inferior position in 80.4% [76 - 84%] of patients, which considerably outperformed the original radiology report at 48.5% [4-78%] accuracy. The agreement level between our method and operative report was high (Kappa=0.717 [0.691-0.743]), as was the inter-rater reliability (Kappa=0.706 [0.674-0.738]).
CONCLUSION: We report a novel method for localization of parathyroid adenomas using SPECT/CT which outperforms standard radiology reporting. This tool can be used by surgeons and radiologists to better inform and plan for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.
Preliminary exploration of potential molecular therapeutic targets in recurrent and metastatic parathyroid carcinomas.
Int J Cancer. 2019; 144(3):525-532 [PubMed] Related Publications
A Young Male with Parafibromin-Deficient Parathyroid Carcinoma Due to a Rare Germline HRPT2/CDC73 Mutation.
Endocr Pathol. 2018; 29(4):374-379 [PubMed] Related Publications
VueBox® perfusion analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examinations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism for preoperative detection of parathyroid gland adenoma.
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2018; 70(4):423-431 [PubMed] Related Publications
MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 patients with symptoms/lab work suggestive of pHPT presented a parathyroid gland lesion in B-mode US, which was consequently analyzed by dynamic CEUS. CEUS was performed by one experienced examiner after i.v.-injection of max. 2.4 ml sulphurhexaflouride microbubbles saving digital DICOM cine loops (up to 25 s) and images. PA were evaluated during arterial, venous and late phase (up to 3 min.) for perfusion characterization. A retrospective, blinded VueBox® perfusion analysis of arterial phase of 28/42 PA was performed by a second, independent examiner placing 3 ROIs manually in the PA (center, rim of PA, surrounding thyroid gland tissue) to objectify findings. US findings were correlated to postoperative histology after PA resection.
RESULTS: Out of 42 patients with PA findings in CEUS, perfusion analysis could be performed in 28/42 cases only as some CEUS cine loops had too much moving. In three cases the second examiner could not detect PA retrospectively, in 25 cases PA were characterized correctly resulting in a sensitivity rate of 89.3 %. VueBox® perfusion analysis confirmed that PA present a persisting hypervascularization of the rim with higher TTP (mean 7.93 s centrally, 8.36 s rim-sided), mTT (mean 56.6 s centrally, 64.5 s rim-sided) and lower PE (mean 10542.93 rm2 centrally, 8909.21 rm2 rim-sided) peripherally followed by a central wash-out during later phases. RT was comparable in all defined regions.
CONCLUSION: VueBox® analysis of parathyroid gland CEUS examinations seemed to be a valuable tool for quantification of a PA's perfusion and can help to detect and localize hyperfunctional parathyroid glands prior to surgery.