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Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is most common cancer in men between 15 to 35 years old. There are two broad types: seminoma and nonseminoma histologies. The nonseminoma group of cancers includes embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac carcinoma and choriocarcinoma. The two testicles (or testis) produce sperm and male hormones. Men who have an undescended testicle (a testicle that didn't move down into the scrotum) are at higher risk of developing testicular cancer.
In 2010, 2,286 men in the UK were diagnosed with testicular cancer (Source: Cancer Research UK).
This page shows only UK resources. For a more extensive list of resources from around the world see CancerIndex: Testicular Cancer
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Information Patients and the Public (11 links)
Cancer Research UK
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What Is Testicular Cancer?
Orchid
Introduction to testicular cancer and discussion of treatment, with illustrative animations. Input from experts Prof. Jayanta Barua and Prof Tom Powels.
Testicular cancer
NHS Choices
Discussion of testicular cancer by an expert, Dr Robert Huddart, plus personal experiences from two men who have had testicular cancer. Includes the importance of checking for early warning signs.
A charity formed to raise awareness and educate the population on the issues of testicular cancer by associating with ball sports, and to provide access to resources, information and support to those concerned or directly affected by testicular cancer.
A charity founded in 2010 by footballer John Hartson to raise awareness of the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer. The site includes information about testicular cancer, self examination and seeking help.
Everyman
The Everyman appeal was launched in 1997 to raise funds for prostate and testicular cancer research at The Institute of Cancer Research. The site includes information about testicular cancer and support.
Orchid
A UK registered cancer charity to focus entirely on the male-specific cancers. The Website includes detailed information about testicular cancer.
Cancer Research UK
Statistics for the UK, including incidence, mortality, survival, risk factors and stats related to treatment and symptom relief.
Orchid
A Website by male cancer charity Orchid. Includes information and videos covering awareness, diagnosis, life-after and support for testicular cancer.
Information for Health Professionals / Researchers (4 links)
- PubMed search for publications about Testicular Cancer - Limit search to: [Reviews]
PubMed Central search for free-access publications about Testicular Cancer
MeSH term: Testicular Neoplasms
US National Library of MedicinePubMed has over 22 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Constantly updated.
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Search NHS Evidence for testicular cancer
Cancer Research UK
Statistics for the UK, including incidence, mortality, survival, risk factors and stats related to treatment and symptom relief.
Latest Research Publications
Showing publications with corresponding authors from the UK (Source: PubMed).
Tan WK, Tan MY, Tan HM, et al.
Well-differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis.
Urology. 2016; 90:e7-8 [PubMed] Related Publications
Well-differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis.
Urology. 2016; 90:e7-8 [PubMed] Related Publications
A 39-year-old man presented with painless scrotal swelling for 2 months. He denied any asbestos exposure but worked with wall and ceiling plaster. Physical exam revealed a large right scrotum which transilluminated. Scrotal ultrasonography revealed a large right hydrocele and a polypoidal mass along the anterior wall of the scrotum. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and computed tomography of the chest showed no metastases. He underwent a right inguinal scrotal exploration and wide excision of tunica vaginalis and a partial epididymectomy. Pathology revealed well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis. The patient had an uneventful recovery.
Related: 
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma
Hoff AM, Alagaratnam S, Zhao S, et al.
Identification of Novel Fusion Genes in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.
Cancer Res. 2016; 76(1):108-16 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Identification of Novel Fusion Genes in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors.
Cancer Res. 2016; 76(1):108-16 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most frequently diagnosed solid tumors in young men ages 15 to 44 years. Embryonal carcinomas (EC) comprise a subset of TGCTs that exhibit pluripotent characteristics similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, but the genetic drivers underlying malignant transformation of ECs are unknown. To elucidate the abnormal genetic events potentially contributing to TGCT malignancy, such as the existence of fusion genes or aberrant fusion transcript expression, we performed RNA sequencing of EC cell lines and their nonmalignant ES cell line counterparts. We identified eight novel fusion transcripts and one gene with alternative promoter usage, ETV6. Four out of nine transcripts were found recurrently expressed in an extended panel of primary TGCTs and additional EC cell lines, but not in normal parenchyma of the testis, implying tumor-specific expression. Two of the recurrent transcripts involved an intrachromosomal fusion between RCC1 and HENMT1 located 80 Mbp apart and an interchromosomal fusion between RCC1 and ABHD12B. RCC1-ABHD12B and the ETV6 transcript variant were found to be preferentially expressed in the more undifferentiated TGCT subtypes. In vitro differentiation of the NTERA2 EC cell line resulted in significantly reduced expression of both fusion transcripts involving RCC1 and the ETV6 transcript variant, indicating that they are markers of pluripotency in a malignant setting. In conclusion, we identified eight novel fusion transcripts that, to our knowledge, are the first fusion genes described in TGCT and may therefore potentially serve as genomic biomarkers of malignant progression.
Related: Germ Cell Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Gilbert DC, Al-Saadi R, Thway K, et al.
Defining a New Prognostic Index for Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors Using CXCL12 Expression and Proportion of Embryonal Carcinoma.
Clin Cancer Res. 2016; 22(5):1265-73 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Defining a New Prognostic Index for Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors Using CXCL12 Expression and Proportion of Embryonal Carcinoma.
Clin Cancer Res. 2016; 22(5):1265-73 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PURPOSE: Up to 50% of patients diagnosed with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) harbor occult metastases. Patients are managed by surveillance with chemotherapy at relapse or adjuvant treatment up front. Late toxicities from chemotherapy are increasingly recognized. Based on a potential biologic role in germ cells/tumors and pilot data, our aim was to evaluate tumor expression of the chemokine CXCL12 alongside previously proposed markers as clinically useful biomarkers of relapse.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Immunohistochemistry for tumor expression of CXCL12 was assessed as a biomarker of relapse alongside vascular invasion, histology (percentage embryonal carcinoma), and MIB1 staining for proliferation in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded orchidectomy samples from patients enrolled in the Medical Research Council's TE08/22 prospective trials of surveillance in stage I NSGCTs.
RESULTS: TE08/TE22 trial patients had a 76.4% 2-year relapse-free rate, and both CXCL12 expression and percentage embryonal carcinoma provided prognostic value independently of vascular invasion (stratified log rank test P = 0.006 for both). There was no additional prognostic value for MIB1 staining. A model using CXCL12, percentage embryonal carcinoma, and VI defines three prognostic groups that were independently validated.
CONCLUSIONS: CXCL12 and percentage embryonal carcinoma both stratify patients' relapse risk over and above vascular invasion alone. This is anticipated to improve the stratification of patients and identify high-risk cases to be considered for adjuvant therapy.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Immunohistochemistry for tumor expression of CXCL12 was assessed as a biomarker of relapse alongside vascular invasion, histology (percentage embryonal carcinoma), and MIB1 staining for proliferation in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded orchidectomy samples from patients enrolled in the Medical Research Council's TE08/22 prospective trials of surveillance in stage I NSGCTs.
RESULTS: TE08/TE22 trial patients had a 76.4% 2-year relapse-free rate, and both CXCL12 expression and percentage embryonal carcinoma provided prognostic value independently of vascular invasion (stratified log rank test P = 0.006 for both). There was no additional prognostic value for MIB1 staining. A model using CXCL12, percentage embryonal carcinoma, and VI defines three prognostic groups that were independently validated.
CONCLUSIONS: CXCL12 and percentage embryonal carcinoma both stratify patients' relapse risk over and above vascular invasion alone. This is anticipated to improve the stratification of patients and identify high-risk cases to be considered for adjuvant therapy.
Related: Germ Cell Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Patel KV, Navaratne S, Bartlett E, et al.
Testicular Microlithiasis: Is Sonographic Surveillance Necessary? Single Centre 14 Year Experience in 442 Patients with Testicular Microlithiasis.
Ultraschall Med. 2016; 37(1):68-73 [PubMed] Related Publications
Testicular Microlithiasis: Is Sonographic Surveillance Necessary? Single Centre 14 Year Experience in 442 Patients with Testicular Microlithiasis.
Ultraschall Med. 2016; 37(1):68-73 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: Increased prevalence of germ cell tumour (GCT) is seen with testicular microlithiasis (TM) suggesting TM is a premalignant condition with US surveillance advocated. We present a cohort of patients with TM followed up in a single centre and deliberate on the value of US surveillance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of subjects with underlying US diagnosis of TM between 1998 and 2012. One-yearly US follow-up was offered to all patients with TM and a database maintained. Any co-existing tumour at presentation with TM was recorded. TM was divided into limited (< 5 microliths/field), classical (≥ 5 microliths/field) and florid ('snowstorm' appearance). Patient demographics, follow-up details and the development of any scrotal abnormalities were recorded. The radiological and histological findings were documented when a testicular lesion occurred during the follow-up period.
RESULTS: 20 224 patients were examined: 867/20 224 (4.3 %) had TM. 21/867 (2.4 %) patients had histology proven malignant tumours at presentation. All TM patients consented to follow-up with 442/867 (51.0 %) achieving this and entering into a follow-up program (mean duration 28 months, range 8 - 165 months). Two patients developed primary GCT during the follow up period. One patient (limited TM) had undergone a previous orchiectomy for contralateral GCT and developed a palpable mass at follow up month 21. The other (limited TM) had an atrophic testis; a tumour was found on US at follow up month 62.
CONCLUSION: Two patients of 442 (0.5 %) followed up for all forms of TM in a single centre developed a GCT over a mean duration of 28 months, both had independent risk factors for the development of GCT. These findings suggest that US surveillance is not required when TM is the only abnormality in the absence of any clinical risk factors for the development of GCT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of subjects with underlying US diagnosis of TM between 1998 and 2012. One-yearly US follow-up was offered to all patients with TM and a database maintained. Any co-existing tumour at presentation with TM was recorded. TM was divided into limited (< 5 microliths/field), classical (≥ 5 microliths/field) and florid ('snowstorm' appearance). Patient demographics, follow-up details and the development of any scrotal abnormalities were recorded. The radiological and histological findings were documented when a testicular lesion occurred during the follow-up period.
RESULTS: 20 224 patients were examined: 867/20 224 (4.3 %) had TM. 21/867 (2.4 %) patients had histology proven malignant tumours at presentation. All TM patients consented to follow-up with 442/867 (51.0 %) achieving this and entering into a follow-up program (mean duration 28 months, range 8 - 165 months). Two patients developed primary GCT during the follow up period. One patient (limited TM) had undergone a previous orchiectomy for contralateral GCT and developed a palpable mass at follow up month 21. The other (limited TM) had an atrophic testis; a tumour was found on US at follow up month 62.
CONCLUSION: Two patients of 442 (0.5 %) followed up for all forms of TM in a single centre developed a GCT over a mean duration of 28 months, both had independent risk factors for the development of GCT. These findings suggest that US surveillance is not required when TM is the only abnormality in the absence of any clinical risk factors for the development of GCT.
van Leeuwen M, Efficace F, Fosså SD, et al.
Recruiting long-term survivors of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III clinical trials into quality of life studies: challenges and opportunities.
Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50(11):1957-63 [PubMed] Related Publications
Recruiting long-term survivors of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III clinical trials into quality of life studies: challenges and opportunities.
Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50(11):1957-63 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: In this pilot study we evaluated the feasibility of and methods for assessing the quality of life of long term survivors of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) phase III clinical trials. Here we report the results pertaining to the feasibility of conducting such research.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited long-term, disease-free survivors from two mature EORTC clinical trials in testicular and prostate cancer from centres in Northern and Southern Europe, and the United Kingdom (UK).
RESULTS: A number of challenges were encountered in recruiting participating centres, obtaining medical ethical approval and in recruiting survivors and collecting the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data in a timely manner. The efficiency with which the study could be conducted varied widely across centres and countries. Time to obtain medical ethical approval for the study ranged from 1.5 to 25 months. We encountered most problems with ethical approval in the UK, Italy and Belgium. In most cases, data collection was completed within 3 months (range 10 weeks-1 year). Completed questionnaires were obtained from 68% and 56%, respectively, of the testicular and prostate cancer survivors who were approached.
CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL research among long-term survivors of EORTC phase III clinical trials is possible, but the process of ethical approval and data collection is a lengthy one. To minimise many of the logistical problems, long-term follow-up of patients should be an integral part of future clinical trials. Moreover, regulations governing medical ethical approval for clinical research within the EU should be carefully evaluated to facilitate long-term follow-up of cancer survivors in Europe.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited long-term, disease-free survivors from two mature EORTC clinical trials in testicular and prostate cancer from centres in Northern and Southern Europe, and the United Kingdom (UK).
RESULTS: A number of challenges were encountered in recruiting participating centres, obtaining medical ethical approval and in recruiting survivors and collecting the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) data in a timely manner. The efficiency with which the study could be conducted varied widely across centres and countries. Time to obtain medical ethical approval for the study ranged from 1.5 to 25 months. We encountered most problems with ethical approval in the UK, Italy and Belgium. In most cases, data collection was completed within 3 months (range 10 weeks-1 year). Completed questionnaires were obtained from 68% and 56%, respectively, of the testicular and prostate cancer survivors who were approached.
CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL research among long-term survivors of EORTC phase III clinical trials is possible, but the process of ethical approval and data collection is a lengthy one. To minimise many of the logistical problems, long-term follow-up of patients should be an integral part of future clinical trials. Moreover, regulations governing medical ethical approval for clinical research within the EU should be carefully evaluated to facilitate long-term follow-up of cancer survivors in Europe.
Related: Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Shepherd ST, Gillen G, Morrison P, et al.
Performance of formulae based estimates of glomerular filtration rate for carboplatin dosing in stage 1 seminoma.
Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50(5):944-52 [PubMed] Related Publications
Performance of formulae based estimates of glomerular filtration rate for carboplatin dosing in stage 1 seminoma.
Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50(5):944-52 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Single cycle carboplatin, dosed by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is standard adjuvant therapy for stage 1 seminoma. Accurate measurement of GFR is essential for correct dosing. Isotopic methods remain the gold standard for the determination of GFR. Formulae to estimate GFR have improved the assessment of renal function in non-oncological settings. We assessed the utility of these formulae for carboplatin dosing.
METHODS: We studied consecutive subjects receiving adjuvant carboplatin for stage 1 seminoma at our institution between 2007 and 2012. Subjects underwent 51Cr-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) measurement of GFR with carboplatin dose calculated using the Calvert formula. Theoretical carboplatin doses were calculated from estimated GFR using Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology (CKD-EPI), Management of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formulae with additional correction for actual body surface area (BSA). Carboplatin doses calculated by formulae were compared with dose calculated by isotopic GFR; a difference <10% was considered acceptable.
RESULTS: 115 patients were identified. Mean isotopic GFR was 96.9 ml/min/1.73 m(2). CG and CKD-EPI tended to overestimate GFR whereas MDRD tended to underestimate GFR. The CKD-EPI formula had greatest accuracy. The CKD-EPI formula, corrected for actual BSA, performed best; 45.9% of patients received within 10% of correct carboplatin dose. Patients predicted as underdosed (13.5%) by CKD-EPI were more likely to be obese (p=0.013); there were no predictors of the 40.5% receiving an excess dose.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data support further evaluation of the CKD-EPI formula in this patient population but clinically significant variances in carboplatin dosing occur using non-isotopic methods of GFR estimation. Isotopic determination of GFR should remain the recommended standard for carboplatin dosing when accuracy is essential.
METHODS: We studied consecutive subjects receiving adjuvant carboplatin for stage 1 seminoma at our institution between 2007 and 2012. Subjects underwent 51Cr-ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) measurement of GFR with carboplatin dose calculated using the Calvert formula. Theoretical carboplatin doses were calculated from estimated GFR using Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology (CKD-EPI), Management of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formulae with additional correction for actual body surface area (BSA). Carboplatin doses calculated by formulae were compared with dose calculated by isotopic GFR; a difference <10% was considered acceptable.
RESULTS: 115 patients were identified. Mean isotopic GFR was 96.9 ml/min/1.73 m(2). CG and CKD-EPI tended to overestimate GFR whereas MDRD tended to underestimate GFR. The CKD-EPI formula had greatest accuracy. The CKD-EPI formula, corrected for actual BSA, performed best; 45.9% of patients received within 10% of correct carboplatin dose. Patients predicted as underdosed (13.5%) by CKD-EPI were more likely to be obese (p=0.013); there were no predictors of the 40.5% receiving an excess dose.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data support further evaluation of the CKD-EPI formula in this patient population but clinically significant variances in carboplatin dosing occur using non-isotopic methods of GFR estimation. Isotopic determination of GFR should remain the recommended standard for carboplatin dosing when accuracy is essential.
Related: Carboplatin
Carboplatin
Vasdev N, Moon A, Thorpe AC
Classification, epidemiology and therapies for testicular germ cell tumours.
Int J Dev Biol. 2013; 57(2-4):133-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
Classification, epidemiology and therapies for testicular germ cell tumours.
Int J Dev Biol. 2013; 57(2-4):133-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) account for between 1% and 1.5% of male neoplasms and 5% of urological tumours in general. They are classified broadly into Seminoma, which resemble primordial germ cells (PGCs), and Non-Seminoma, which are either undifferentiated (embryonal carcinoma) or differentiated (exhibiting a degree of embryonic (teratoma) or extra-embryonic (yolk sac choriocarcinoma) patterning). We present the current details of the latest classification, epidemiology and treatment aspects of TGCT in the UK in our review.
Related: Germ Cell Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Kodzo-Grey Venyo A, Deoleker M
Paratesticular liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: a case report and a review of the literature.
West Afr J Med. 2011 Nov-Dec; 30(6):447-52 [PubMed] Related Publications
Paratesticular liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: a case report and a review of the literature.
West Afr J Med. 2011 Nov-Dec; 30(6):447-52 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Paratesticular liposarcomas are uncommon and in view of this most practitioners would be unfamiliar with the diagnosis and management.
OBJECTIVE: To report a case of paratesticular liposarcoma, a rare tumour and to review the literature on paratesticular liposarcoma.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A 77-years old man with paratesticular liposarcoma originating from the left spermatic cord is reported. This patient noticed the lump eight years prior to its excision. The tumour was originally thought to be benign lipoma and was left alone and its management was based upon the principle of watchful waiting. The tumour was excised as an additional procedure when the patient underwent trans urethral resection of prostate following lower urinary tract symptoms and retention of urine and at this stage the 'lipomatous' lump was noticed to have grown bigger over recent months. The patient underwent a successful surgical excision (a radical excision of the testis and surrounding mass) and has remained under surveillance by the Regional Oncologists. Literature review revealed that 109 cases of para-testicular liposarcoma had previously been reported and radical excision with a wide resection margin is the recommended surgical approach to its management.
CONCLUSION: Radical surgical excision with wide resection margins is the most appropriate approach to the management of para-testicular liposarcoma and the patients should be referred to the Oncologist.
OBJECTIVE: To report a case of paratesticular liposarcoma, a rare tumour and to review the literature on paratesticular liposarcoma.
METHODS AND RESULTS: A 77-years old man with paratesticular liposarcoma originating from the left spermatic cord is reported. This patient noticed the lump eight years prior to its excision. The tumour was originally thought to be benign lipoma and was left alone and its management was based upon the principle of watchful waiting. The tumour was excised as an additional procedure when the patient underwent trans urethral resection of prostate following lower urinary tract symptoms and retention of urine and at this stage the 'lipomatous' lump was noticed to have grown bigger over recent months. The patient underwent a successful surgical excision (a radical excision of the testis and surrounding mass) and has remained under surveillance by the Regional Oncologists. Literature review revealed that 109 cases of para-testicular liposarcoma had previously been reported and radical excision with a wide resection margin is the recommended surgical approach to its management.
CONCLUSION: Radical surgical excision with wide resection margins is the most appropriate approach to the management of para-testicular liposarcoma and the patients should be referred to the Oncologist.
Nsengimana J, Barrett JH
Analysis of genetic interactions involving maternal and offspring genotypes at different Loci: power simulation and application to testicular cancer.
Genet Epidemiol. 2012; 36(6):612-21 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Analysis of genetic interactions involving maternal and offspring genotypes at different Loci: power simulation and application to testicular cancer.
Genet Epidemiol. 2012; 36(6):612-21 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The analyses of genetic interaction between maternal and offspring genotypes are usually conducted considering a single locus. Here, we propose testing maternal × offspring (M×O) and maternal × maternal (M×M) genotype interactions involving two unlinked loci. We reformulate the log-linear approach of analyzing cases and their parents (family trios) to accommodate two loci, fit fuller models to avoid confounding in a first analysis step and propose that the model be reduced to the most prominent effects in a second step. We conduct extensive simulations to assess the validity and power of this approach under various model assumptions. We show that the approach is valid and has good power to detect M×O and M×M interactions. For example, the power to detect a dominant interaction relative risk of 1.5 (both M×O and M×M) is 70% with 300 trios and approaches 100% with 1,000 trios. Unlike the main effects, M×O and M×M interactions are conditionally independent of mating types, and consequently, their power is not affected by missing paternal genotypes. When applied to single-locus M×O interaction, our method is as powerful as other existing methods. Applying the method to testicular cancer, we found a nominally significant M×M interaction between single nucleotide polymorphisms from C-Kit Ligand (KITLG) and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) using 210 families (relative risk 2.2, P = 0.03). This finding supports a role of maternal hormones in offspring testicular cancer and warrants confirmation in a larger dataset.
Arora RS, Alston RD, Eden TO, et al.
Comparative incidence patterns and trends of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in England, 1979 to 2003.
Cancer. 2012; 118(17):4290-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
Comparative incidence patterns and trends of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in England, 1979 to 2003.
Cancer. 2012; 118(17):4290-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: It is believed that gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) arise from primordial germ cells and may have similar etiopathogenesis. Unlike testicular GCTs, there has been limited comprehensive population-based analysis of ovarian and extragonadal GCTs.
METHODS: All malignant GCTs and all central nervous system (CNS) GCTs with benign and uncertain behavior that were registered in England in the age group 0 to 84 years from 1979 to 2003 were included in the current study. Incidence rates were calculated and adjusted to the world standard population.
RESULTS: There were 33,364 GCTs (92.5% testes, 3.9% ovary, 3.2% extragonadal) in individuals aged 0 to 84 years. The CNS was the most common extragonadal site. An initial peak in incidence at ages 0 to 4 years of nongerminomas was observed at all sites except ovary. Second incidence peaks between ages 10 to 39 years that were more marked among males also were observed at all sites. The ages at these incidence peaks varied by site and were 10 to 14 years (CNS), 15 to 19 years (ovary), 25 to 29 years (other extragonadal sites), and 30 to 34 years (testes). A statistically significant increase in incidence over time was observed in germinomas (testes, CNS) and nongerminomas (testes, ovary).
CONCLUSIONS: The age-incidence patterns observed suggested a common initiation of GCTs in embryonic/fetal life with variable rates of tumor progression as a result of subsequent events that may be site specific. The authors concluded that future genetic studies should consider GCTs from all sites to enable a better understanding of their etiology.
METHODS: All malignant GCTs and all central nervous system (CNS) GCTs with benign and uncertain behavior that were registered in England in the age group 0 to 84 years from 1979 to 2003 were included in the current study. Incidence rates were calculated and adjusted to the world standard population.
RESULTS: There were 33,364 GCTs (92.5% testes, 3.9% ovary, 3.2% extragonadal) in individuals aged 0 to 84 years. The CNS was the most common extragonadal site. An initial peak in incidence at ages 0 to 4 years of nongerminomas was observed at all sites except ovary. Second incidence peaks between ages 10 to 39 years that were more marked among males also were observed at all sites. The ages at these incidence peaks varied by site and were 10 to 14 years (CNS), 15 to 19 years (ovary), 25 to 29 years (other extragonadal sites), and 30 to 34 years (testes). A statistically significant increase in incidence over time was observed in germinomas (testes, CNS) and nongerminomas (testes, ovary).
CONCLUSIONS: The age-incidence patterns observed suggested a common initiation of GCTs in embryonic/fetal life with variable rates of tumor progression as a result of subsequent events that may be site specific. The authors concluded that future genetic studies should consider GCTs from all sites to enable a better understanding of their etiology.
Oliver RT, Mead GM, Rustin GJ, et al.
Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214).
J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(8):957-62 [PubMed] Related Publications
Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214).
J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(8):957-62 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: Initial results of a randomized trial comparing carboplatin with radiotherapy (RT) as adjuvant treatment for stage I seminoma found carboplatin had a noninferior relapse-free rate (RFR) and had reduced contralateral germ cell tumors (GCTs) in the short-term. Updated results with a median follow-up of 6.5 years are now reported.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Random assignment was between RT and one infusion of carboplatin dosed at 7 × (glomerular filtration rate + 25) on the basis of EDTA (n = 357) and 90% of this dose if determined on the basis of creatinine clearance (n = 202). The trial was powered to exclude a doubling in RFRs assuming a 96-97% 2-year RFR after radiotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], approximately 2.0).
RESULTS: Overall, 1,447 patients were randomly assigned in a 3-to-5 ratio (carboplatin, n = 573; RT, n = 904). RFRs at 5 years were 94.7% for carboplatin and 96.0% for RT (RT-C 90% CI, 0.7% to 3.5%; HR, 1.25; 90% CI, 0.83 to 1.89). One death as a result of seminoma (in RT arm) occurred. Patients receiving at least 99% of the 7 × AUC dose had a 5-year RFR of 96.1% (95% CI, 93.4% to 97.7%) compared with 92.6% (95% CI, 88.0% to 95.5%) in those who received lower doses (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.07; P = .08). There was a clear reduction in the rate of contralateral GCTs (carboplatin, n = 2; RT, n = 15; HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.95; P = .03), and elevated pretreatment follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (> 12 IU/L) was a strong predictor (HR, 8.57; 95% CI, 1.82 to 40.38).
CONCLUSION: These updated results confirm the noninferiority of single dose carboplatin (at 7 × AUC dose) versus RT in terms of RFR and establish a statistically significant reduction in the medium term of risk of second GCT produced by this treatment.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Random assignment was between RT and one infusion of carboplatin dosed at 7 × (glomerular filtration rate + 25) on the basis of EDTA (n = 357) and 90% of this dose if determined on the basis of creatinine clearance (n = 202). The trial was powered to exclude a doubling in RFRs assuming a 96-97% 2-year RFR after radiotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], approximately 2.0).
RESULTS: Overall, 1,447 patients were randomly assigned in a 3-to-5 ratio (carboplatin, n = 573; RT, n = 904). RFRs at 5 years were 94.7% for carboplatin and 96.0% for RT (RT-C 90% CI, 0.7% to 3.5%; HR, 1.25; 90% CI, 0.83 to 1.89). One death as a result of seminoma (in RT arm) occurred. Patients receiving at least 99% of the 7 × AUC dose had a 5-year RFR of 96.1% (95% CI, 93.4% to 97.7%) compared with 92.6% (95% CI, 88.0% to 95.5%) in those who received lower doses (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.07; P = .08). There was a clear reduction in the rate of contralateral GCTs (carboplatin, n = 2; RT, n = 15; HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.95; P = .03), and elevated pretreatment follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (> 12 IU/L) was a strong predictor (HR, 8.57; 95% CI, 1.82 to 40.38).
CONCLUSION: These updated results confirm the noninferiority of single dose carboplatin (at 7 × AUC dose) versus RT in terms of RFR and establish a statistically significant reduction in the medium term of risk of second GCT produced by this treatment.
Related: Carboplatin
Carboplatin
Teratomas are composed of multiple tissues foreign to the organ or site in which they arise. Their origin is postulated by 3 theories one of which is the origin from totipotent primodial germ cells. Anatomically, teratomas are divided into gonadal or extragonadal lesions and histologically they are classified as mature or immature tumors. Teratomas are mainy isolated lesions and may occur anywhere in the body. In the neonatal age group most of these tumors are benign and occur mainly in the sacrococcygeal area followed by the anterior mediastinum. Diagnosis is usually established prenatally and may require intervention in compromised fetuses. Postnatal imaging with ultrasound, CT scan or MRI provides useful information for surgical intervention. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice for neonatal teratomas. Alpha feto protein is the tumor marker of choice and is particularly useful for assessing the presence of residual or recurrent disease.
Related: Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Alam SS, Cantwell MM, Cardwell CR, et al.
Maternal body mass index and risk of testicular cancer in male offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(5):509-15 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Maternal body mass index and risk of testicular cancer in male offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(5):509-15 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: To date a number of studies have examined the association between maternal weight and testicular cancer risk although results have been largely inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the nature of this association.
METHODS: Search strategies were conducted in Ovid Medline (1950-2009), Embase (1980-2009), Web of Science (1970-2009), and CINAHL (1937-2009) using keywords for maternal weight (BMI) and testicular cancer.
RESULTS: The literature search produced 1689 hits from which 63 papers were extracted. Only 7 studies met the pre-defined criteria. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) of testicular cancer in the highest reported category of maternal BMI compared with the moderate maternal BMI was 0.82 (0.65-1.02). The Cochran's Q P value was 0.82 and the corresponding I(2) was 0%, both indicating very little variability among studies. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) for testicular cancer risk in the lowest reported category of maternal BMI compared to a moderate maternal BMI category was 0.88 (0.65-1.20). The Cochran's Q P value was 0.05 and the corresponding I(2) was 54%, indicating evidence of statistical heterogeneity. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) of testicular cancer risk per unit increase in maternal BMI was 1.01 (0.97-1.06). The Cochran's Q test had a P value of 0.05 and the corresponding I(2) was 55% indicating evidence of statistical heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis, which included a small number of studies, showed that a higher maternal weight does not increase the risk of testicular cancer in male offspring. Though an inverse association between high maternal BMI and testicular cancer risk was detected, it was not statistically significant. Further primary studies with adjustment for appropriate confounders are required.
METHODS: Search strategies were conducted in Ovid Medline (1950-2009), Embase (1980-2009), Web of Science (1970-2009), and CINAHL (1937-2009) using keywords for maternal weight (BMI) and testicular cancer.
RESULTS: The literature search produced 1689 hits from which 63 papers were extracted. Only 7 studies met the pre-defined criteria. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) of testicular cancer in the highest reported category of maternal BMI compared with the moderate maternal BMI was 0.82 (0.65-1.02). The Cochran's Q P value was 0.82 and the corresponding I(2) was 0%, both indicating very little variability among studies. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) for testicular cancer risk in the lowest reported category of maternal BMI compared to a moderate maternal BMI category was 0.88 (0.65-1.20). The Cochran's Q P value was 0.05 and the corresponding I(2) was 54%, indicating evidence of statistical heterogeneity. The combined unadjusted OR (95% CI) of testicular cancer risk per unit increase in maternal BMI was 1.01 (0.97-1.06). The Cochran's Q test had a P value of 0.05 and the corresponding I(2) was 55% indicating evidence of statistical heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis, which included a small number of studies, showed that a higher maternal weight does not increase the risk of testicular cancer in male offspring. Though an inverse association between high maternal BMI and testicular cancer risk was detected, it was not statistically significant. Further primary studies with adjustment for appropriate confounders are required.
Venkitaraman R, George M, Weerasooriya S, Selva-Nayagam S
Late solitary testicular metastasis from rectal cancer.
J Cancer Res Ther. 2010 Jan-Mar; 6(1):89-91 [PubMed] Related Publications
Late solitary testicular metastasis from rectal cancer.
J Cancer Res Ther. 2010 Jan-Mar; 6(1):89-91 [PubMed] Related Publications
Isolated testicular metastasis from rectal cancer is rare. We describe the case of a patient who presented with a locally advanced rectal malignancy and underwent multimodality treatment with low anterior resection, postoperative radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. He developed a painless testicular nodule while on follow-up, five years after the diagnosis of primary rectal cancer. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of orchidectomy specimen were compatible with a metastatic adenocarcinoma of rectal origin. We hypothesize that this phenomenon of isolated relapse in a sanctuary site could be due to the altered biology and pattern of metastasis as a result of effective adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Treatment of late isolated relapse in the testis needs to be ascertained.
Related: Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil
Glendenning JL, Barbachano Y, Norman AR, et al.
Long-term neurologic and peripheral vascular toxicity after chemotherapy treatment of testicular cancer.
Cancer. 2010; 116(10):2322-31 [PubMed] Related Publications
Long-term neurologic and peripheral vascular toxicity after chemotherapy treatment of testicular cancer.
Cancer. 2010; 116(10):2322-31 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Testicular cancer is curable in the majority of men, and persisting treatment toxicity is a concern. The authors report a cross-sectional study of the long-term effects of chemotherapy (C) on neurologic function and development of Raynaud phenomenon.
METHODS: Seven hundred thirty-nine patients who were treated between 1982 and 1992 gave consent to enter the study. Patients were classified according to the receipt of C (n = 384) or no C (n = 355). Patients completed a general health questionnaire and a quality-of-life form (the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life C30 questionnaire with testicular module). Symptom scores of 3 or 4 were considered clinically significant. Patients were assessed in the clinic, and clinical history was used to diagnose Raynaud phenomenon (RP) and tinnitus. Examinations included peripheral nerve function testing for light touch and vibration sense. Five hundred seventy-seven patients underwent audiometry.
RESULTS: On physician assessment, peripheral neuropathy and RP were more common after C (21.7% vs 9.1% [P<.001] and 20.3% vs 1.7% [P<.001], respectively). Similar results were obtained for symptom scores (12.5% vs 5.5% [P = .002] and 9.7% vs 3.7% [P<.001], respectively). On multivariate analysis, for peripheral neuropathy, the significant predictors were cisplatin dose, carboplatin dose, and age. For RP, the significant predictor was bleomycin. Significant differences in hearing thresholds were noted at 8000 hertz only and, on multivariate analysis, were related to age, cisplatin dose, and vincristine dose. Auditory symptom scores did not differ between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: With long-term follow-up, peripheral neuropathy and RP remained detectable in approximately 20% of patients and caused significant symptoms in 10% of patients. Detectable effects on high frequency remained but caused little symptomatic problem. These effects persisted and were related to the cumulative chemotherapy dose.
METHODS: Seven hundred thirty-nine patients who were treated between 1982 and 1992 gave consent to enter the study. Patients were classified according to the receipt of C (n = 384) or no C (n = 355). Patients completed a general health questionnaire and a quality-of-life form (the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life C30 questionnaire with testicular module). Symptom scores of 3 or 4 were considered clinically significant. Patients were assessed in the clinic, and clinical history was used to diagnose Raynaud phenomenon (RP) and tinnitus. Examinations included peripheral nerve function testing for light touch and vibration sense. Five hundred seventy-seven patients underwent audiometry.
RESULTS: On physician assessment, peripheral neuropathy and RP were more common after C (21.7% vs 9.1% [P<.001] and 20.3% vs 1.7% [P<.001], respectively). Similar results were obtained for symptom scores (12.5% vs 5.5% [P = .002] and 9.7% vs 3.7% [P<.001], respectively). On multivariate analysis, for peripheral neuropathy, the significant predictors were cisplatin dose, carboplatin dose, and age. For RP, the significant predictor was bleomycin. Significant differences in hearing thresholds were noted at 8000 hertz only and, on multivariate analysis, were related to age, cisplatin dose, and vincristine dose. Auditory symptom scores did not differ between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: With long-term follow-up, peripheral neuropathy and RP remained detectable in approximately 20% of patients and caused significant symptoms in 10% of patients. Detectable effects on high frequency remained but caused little symptomatic problem. These effects persisted and were related to the cumulative chemotherapy dose.
Evans RE, Simon AE, Wardle J
Public perceptions of the harms and benefits of testicular cancer education: a qualitative study.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(2):212-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
Public perceptions of the harms and benefits of testicular cancer education: a qualitative study.
Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(2):212-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The value of testicular cancer (TC) education, and in particular advice on testicular self-examination (TSE), has been widely debated by health professionals. One concern centres on its potential to cause unnecessary anxiety among the target population. Views outside the health professional community about TC education's potential benefits and harms have not previously been described. The objective of this study was to investigate the range of views expressed by specific groups thought to have an interest in provision of TC education.
METHODS: One-to-one, in-depth interviews with 37 men and women were completed. Participants included TC patients, men with no prior diagnosis of TC, and parents and teachers of adolescent boys. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using the Framework approach to produce a thematic description of views expressed.
RESULTS: Participants were unanimously in favour of TC education. Key perceived benefits included earlier cancer detection through increasing knowledge of symptoms leading to better treatment outcomes, and motivating help-seeking by reducing emotional barriers such as fear of cancer or embarrassment. Anxiety was acknowledged as a possible harm but was not expected to be widespread or serious.
CONCLUSION: TC education is viewed favourably by members of the public likely to be interested in its provision. Education's potential to cause anxiety was not considered a disincentive to promoting disease awareness.
METHODS: One-to-one, in-depth interviews with 37 men and women were completed. Participants included TC patients, men with no prior diagnosis of TC, and parents and teachers of adolescent boys. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using the Framework approach to produce a thematic description of views expressed.
RESULTS: Participants were unanimously in favour of TC education. Key perceived benefits included earlier cancer detection through increasing knowledge of symptoms leading to better treatment outcomes, and motivating help-seeking by reducing emotional barriers such as fear of cancer or embarrassment. Anxiety was acknowledged as a possible harm but was not expected to be widespread or serious.
CONCLUSION: TC education is viewed favourably by members of the public likely to be interested in its provision. Education's potential to cause anxiety was not considered a disincentive to promoting disease awareness.
Cohen MC, Shawis R, Evans C
Paratesticular müllerian-type papillary serous tumor in a child.
Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2009 Jul-Aug; 12(4):297-300 [PubMed] Related Publications
Paratesticular müllerian-type papillary serous tumor in a child.
Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2009 Jul-Aug; 12(4):297-300 [PubMed] Related Publications
We describe a case of a 15-year-old male presenting with an unusual right-sided paratesticular mass in whom the diagnosis of an ovarian-like paratesticular müllerian-type papillary serous tumor was made. The tumor, also referred to as serous papillary cystadenoma by some authors, depicted papillae with fibro-vascular cores lined by a bland pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. The immunohistochemistry showed the tumor to have diffuse reactivity against BerEp4, epithelial membrane antigen, and progesterone receptor; focal reactivity against cytokeratins AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), Ca125, estrogen, and carcinoembryonic antigen; and negative reactivity for calretinin, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), and CK20. Surgical management involved resection of the tumor followed by regular follow-up. Paratesticular müllerian-type papillary serous tumor is an infrequent lesion that has seldom been described in the pediatric-age patient. To our knowledge, whereas only 2 cases of serous papillary borderline malignancy have been previously described in this age group, this is the 1st time a serous papillary tumor is reported in a child. The pediatric surgeon, the clinicians, and the pathologist should be aware of this entity, as a conservative management would be preferable.
Moynihan C, Norman AR, Barbachano Y, et al.
Prospective study of factors predicting adherence to medical advice in men with testicular cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(13):2144-50 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Prospective study of factors predicting adherence to medical advice in men with testicular cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(13):2144-50 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PURPOSE: To identify predictive factors of adherence to medical advice, specifically the likelihood of attendance to a recommended follow-up regimen in patients with newly diagnosed testicular cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS; This was a prospective study measuring initially not only aspects of the doctor-patient interview, but also a range of demographic, psychological, social, and medical factors, and then recording attendance behavior on follow-up. All 209 new patients with testicular cancer referred between June 1992 and May 1995 were approached, and 184 men consented and completed questionnaires. The nonadherence end point (nonattender) was two failures to attend an outpatient appointment at least 1 month apart, despite a written reminder.
RESULTS: Thirty-two participants (17%) were classified as nonattenders. No significant differences were found between attenders and nonattenders in the majority of psychosocial and medical variables that might have predicted nonadherence to medical advice. There was a highly significant association between nonattendance and a patient's perception of an unsatisfactory affective relationship with his clinician (P = .005; hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.6).
CONCLUSION: Patients who perceived an unsatisfactory affective relationship with their clinician that included an inability to trust the clinician and a perception that they were not being treated as "a person" were subsequently more likely to disregard medical advice regarding follow-up. Attention to the ways young men may wish to communicate with their clinicians is important, bearing in mind that they may not necessarily adhere to stereotypical images of masculine self-dependence.
RESULTS: Thirty-two participants (17%) were classified as nonattenders. No significant differences were found between attenders and nonattenders in the majority of psychosocial and medical variables that might have predicted nonadherence to medical advice. There was a highly significant association between nonattendance and a patient's perception of an unsatisfactory affective relationship with his clinician (P = .005; hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.6).
CONCLUSION: Patients who perceived an unsatisfactory affective relationship with their clinician that included an inability to trust the clinician and a perception that they were not being treated as "a person" were subsequently more likely to disregard medical advice regarding follow-up. Attention to the ways young men may wish to communicate with their clinicians is important, bearing in mind that they may not necessarily adhere to stereotypical images of masculine self-dependence.
Featherstone JM, Fernando HS, Theaker JM, et al.
Sex cord stromal testicular tumors: a clinical series--uniformly stage I disease.
J Urol. 2009; 181(5):2090-6; discussion 2096 [PubMed] Related Publications
Sex cord stromal testicular tumors: a clinical series--uniformly stage I disease.
J Urol. 2009; 181(5):2090-6; discussion 2096 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: Sex cord stromal testicular tumors are rare. Historically 10% of lesions are said to be malignant but to our knowledge there are no clinical or histological features that can accurately predict potential malignant behavior. Because of this, groups at some centers have advocated prophylactic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in patients with clinical stage I disease. We reviewed our experience with these tumors to determine whether this policy is justified.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all 38 men older than 18 years with sex cord stromal testicular tumors who were referred to the Wessex regional cancer center for treatment or pathological review during the 25-year period of 1982 to 2006. We then compared our series with a malignant sex cord stromal testicular tumor database generated from the world literature.
RESULTS: All Wessex patients were treated with excision of the primary tumor alone and metastatic disease developed in none. All remained disease-free with an overall median survival of 6.8 years (range 1.4 to 25). Features in the literature favoring malignant behavior, ie metastatic disease, included larger tumors (mean 6.43 vs 1.71 cm), a high mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, infiltrative margins and extratesticular extension (each p <0.0001). The malignant group had an overall median survival of 2.3 years (range 0.02 to 17.3).
CONCLUSIONS: No patient had disease progression in our study, which is to our knowledge the largest reported United Kingdom series of sex cord stromal testicular tumors. Our data suggest that malignancy is uncommon and prophylactic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is unjustified for clinical stage I disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all 38 men older than 18 years with sex cord stromal testicular tumors who were referred to the Wessex regional cancer center for treatment or pathological review during the 25-year period of 1982 to 2006. We then compared our series with a malignant sex cord stromal testicular tumor database generated from the world literature.
RESULTS: All Wessex patients were treated with excision of the primary tumor alone and metastatic disease developed in none. All remained disease-free with an overall median survival of 6.8 years (range 1.4 to 25). Features in the literature favoring malignant behavior, ie metastatic disease, included larger tumors (mean 6.43 vs 1.71 cm), a high mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, angiolymphatic invasion, infiltrative margins and extratesticular extension (each p <0.0001). The malignant group had an overall median survival of 2.3 years (range 0.02 to 17.3).
CONCLUSIONS: No patient had disease progression in our study, which is to our knowledge the largest reported United Kingdom series of sex cord stromal testicular tumors. Our data suggest that malignancy is uncommon and prophylactic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is unjustified for clinical stage I disease.
Dick J, Begent RH, Meyer T
Sarcoidosis and testicular cancer: A case series and literature review.
Urol Oncol. 2010 Jul-Aug; 28(4):350-4 [PubMed] Related Publications
Sarcoidosis and testicular cancer: A case series and literature review.
Urol Oncol. 2010 Jul-Aug; 28(4):350-4 [PubMed] Related Publications
The coincidence of testicular carcinoma and sarcoidosis can result in diagnostic errors and inappropriate treatment unless patients are appropriately investigated. We report 3 such cases; 1 in which sarcoidosis preceded the diagnosis, 1 of coincident diagnoses, and 1 in which the sarcoidosis was diagnosed after testicular carcinoma. We review the investigations that can be used to resolve diagnostic uncertainty and the evidence for an association between the 2 diseases.
Rustin GJ, Mead GM, Stenning SP, et al.
Randomized trial of two or five computed tomography scans in the surveillance of patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: Medical Research Council Trial TE08, ISRCTN56475197--the National Cancer Research Institute Testis Cancer Clinical Studies Group.
J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(11):1310-5 [PubMed] Related Publications
Randomized trial of two or five computed tomography scans in the surveillance of patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: Medical Research Council Trial TE08, ISRCTN56475197--the National Cancer Research Institute Testis Cancer Clinical Studies Group.
J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(11):1310-5 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: Surveillance is a standard management approach for stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT). A randomized trial of two versus five computed tomography (CT) scans was performed to determine whether the number of scans influenced the proportion of patients relapsing with intermediate- or poor-prognosis disease at relapse.
METHODS: Patients with clinical stage I NSGCT opting for surveillance were randomly assigned to chest and abdominal CT scans at either 3 and 12 or 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, with all other investigations identical in the two arms. Three of five patients were allocated to the two-scan schedule. Four hundred patients were required.
RESULTS: Two hundred forty-seven patients were allocated to a two-scan and 167 to five-scan policy. With a median follow-up of 40 months, 37 relapses (15%) have occurred in the two-scan arm and 33 (20%) in the five-scan arm. No patients had poor prognosis at relapse, but two (0.8%) of those relapsing in the two-scan arm had intermediate prognosis compared with 1 (0.6%) in the five-scan arm, a difference of 0.2% (90% CI, -1.2% to 1.6%). No deaths have been reported.
CONCLUSION: This study can rule out with 95% probability an increase in the proportion of patients relapsing with intermediate- or poor-prognosis disease of more than 1.6% if they have two rather than five CT scans as part of their surveillance protocol. CT scans at 3 and 12 months after orchidectomy should be considered a reasonable option in low-risk patients.
METHODS: Patients with clinical stage I NSGCT opting for surveillance were randomly assigned to chest and abdominal CT scans at either 3 and 12 or 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, with all other investigations identical in the two arms. Three of five patients were allocated to the two-scan schedule. Four hundred patients were required.
RESULTS: Two hundred forty-seven patients were allocated to a two-scan and 167 to five-scan policy. With a median follow-up of 40 months, 37 relapses (15%) have occurred in the two-scan arm and 33 (20%) in the five-scan arm. No patients had poor prognosis at relapse, but two (0.8%) of those relapsing in the two-scan arm had intermediate prognosis compared with 1 (0.6%) in the five-scan arm, a difference of 0.2% (90% CI, -1.2% to 1.6%). No deaths have been reported.
CONCLUSION: This study can rule out with 95% probability an increase in the proportion of patients relapsing with intermediate- or poor-prognosis disease of more than 1.6% if they have two rather than five CT scans as part of their surveillance protocol. CT scans at 3 and 12 months after orchidectomy should be considered a reasonable option in low-risk patients.
Related: Australia Germ Cell Tumors
Australia Germ Cell Tumors
Xu Q, Pearce MS, Parker L
Incidence and survival for testicular germ cell tumor in young males: a report from the Northern Region Young Person's Malignant Disease Registry, United Kingdom.
Urol Oncol. 2007 Jan-Feb; 25(1):32-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
Incidence and survival for testicular germ cell tumor in young males: a report from the Northern Region Young Person's Malignant Disease Registry, United Kingdom.
Urol Oncol. 2007 Jan-Feb; 25(1):32-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
The incidence of testicular cancer has increased markedly in most developed countries, although the reasons for this are unclear. In this study, 253 patients with testicular cancer diagnosed younger than 25 years from 1968-1999 were identified from the Northern Region Young Persons' Malignant Disease Registry. The age-standardized incidence rate increased from 0.93 in 1968-1978 to 1.60 per 100,000 in 1990-1999. The increase in incidence was confined to those patients >15 years old, with the rate in younger children remaining very low. The 5-year survival increased significantly from 46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33% to 58%) to 92% (95% CI 85% to 96%) during 1968-1999 and was significantly higher for seminoma than nonseminoma, 91% (95% CI 78% to 96%) and 77% (95% CI 70% to 82%), respectively. Although increased surveillance and public health campaigns designed to raise awareness of the disease and the advantages of self-examination should continue, further research is required into the etiology of this relatively common cancer among young males.
Qazi HA, Manikandan R, Foster CS, Fordham MV
Testicular metastasis from gastric carcinoma.
Urology. 2006; 68(4):890.e7-8 [PubMed] Related Publications
Testicular metastasis from gastric carcinoma.
Urology. 2006; 68(4):890.e7-8 [PubMed] Related Publications
Secondary neoplasms of the testis have been reported with an incidence of 0.02% to 2.5% on autopsy. Other than leukemias and lymphomas, the most common sites from which metastases occur are the lung and prostate gland. We report the case of a 58-year-old patient, recently diagnosed with gastric carcinoma, who presented with swelling and discomfort of the left testis. An ultrasound scan of the scrotum suggested a malignant mass. Orchiectomy was performed, and the subsequent pathologic examination revealed the mass to be a gastric carcinoma metastasis that appeared to mimic a testicular primary clinically.
Related: Stomach Cancer Gastric Cancer
Stomach Cancer Gastric Cancer
Waterston A, Seywright M, White J
A salutary tale of mistaken identity in testicular cancer.
Urol Oncol. 2006 Sep-Oct; 24(5):407-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
A salutary tale of mistaken identity in testicular cancer.
Urol Oncol. 2006 Sep-Oct; 24(5):407-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
This case report illustrates the importance of not relying on imaging alone. A 26-year-old patient underwent an orchidectomy for mature teratoma; however, as he had abdominal lymphadenopathy, he was treated with 2 cycles of chemotherapy followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The abdominal histology revealed mature teratoma and he remained on intense surveillance. Three years later, computerized tomography (CT) indicated he had lung lesions and left hilar lymphadenopathy and, despite normal tumor markers, he was thought to have relapsed. He was treated with 2 cycles of second-line chemotherapy but there was no change in the lung lesions. He underwent a CT-guided biopsy which diagnosed sarcoidosis. He was kept under observation by the respiratory physicians and remains well. Sarcoidosis is commonly associated with lymphoma among other malignancies. In the Mayo series, they concluded there was a strong association between sarcoidosis and teratoma but cautioned against a causal relationship as both diseases are rare and found in the same age group. This case report reminds us to always consider the differential diagnoses, particularly if the imaging does not fit the rest of the clinical picture, and when in doubt obtain histology prior to treatment.
Related: Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
Carvajal-Carmona LG, Alam NA, Pollard PJ, et al.
Adult leydig cell tumors of the testis caused by germline fumarate hydratase mutations.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(8):3071-5 [PubMed] Related Publications
Adult leydig cell tumors of the testis caused by germline fumarate hydratase mutations.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(8):3071-5 [PubMed] Related Publications
CONTEXT: Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) are the most common non-germ-cell neoplasms of the testis. LCTs are often hormonally active and can result in precocious virilization or in adult feminization. We identified an LCT in an affected individual from a kindred with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) and a germline fumarate hydratase (FH) mutation (N64T).
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the role of FH mutations in predisposition to LCTs.
DESIGN: We tested for pathogenic effects of the N64T mutation and screened an additional 29 unselected adult LCTs for FH alterations. We also tested these LCTs for mutations in two genes, the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and the guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha (GNAS) that had been implicated in LCT tumorigenesis.
RESULTS: No mutations were found in GNAS, and one tumor had a LHCGR somatic substitution. In addition to the HLRCC case with the N64T germline FH mutation, we identified one other LCT with a previously unreported FH mutation (M411I). Both LCTs from these patients showed loss of the wild-type FH allele. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated activation of the hypoxia/angiogenesis pathway not only in the tumors belonging to the FH mutation carriers but also in several other mutation-negative LCTs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that some LCTs are caused by FH mutations and represents one of the first reports of germline mutations in any type of adult testicular tumor.
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the role of FH mutations in predisposition to LCTs.
DESIGN: We tested for pathogenic effects of the N64T mutation and screened an additional 29 unselected adult LCTs for FH alterations. We also tested these LCTs for mutations in two genes, the LH/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) and the guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha (GNAS) that had been implicated in LCT tumorigenesis.
RESULTS: No mutations were found in GNAS, and one tumor had a LHCGR somatic substitution. In addition to the HLRCC case with the N64T germline FH mutation, we identified one other LCT with a previously unreported FH mutation (M411I). Both LCTs from these patients showed loss of the wild-type FH allele. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses demonstrated activation of the hypoxia/angiogenesis pathway not only in the tumors belonging to the FH mutation carriers but also in several other mutation-negative LCTs.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that some LCTs are caused by FH mutations and represents one of the first reports of germline mutations in any type of adult testicular tumor.
Manikandan R, Nathaniel C, Reeve N, Brough RJ
Bilateral testicular metastases from prostatic carcinoma.
Int J Urol. 2006; 13(4):476-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
Bilateral testicular metastases from prostatic carcinoma.
Int J Urol. 2006; 13(4):476-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
Testicular metastasis from carcinoma of the prostate is rare. We report a case of carcinoma of the prostate with bilateral testicular metastases 7 years after the initial diagnosis. The exact prognosis is not known but it usually indicates advanced disease. Although testicular metastasis is uncommon, it should be considered when a patient presents with a lump in the testis, particularly in a patient known to have another primary malignancy.
Related: Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Miller FN, Rosairo S, Clarke JL, et al.
Testicular calcification and microlithiasis: association with primary intra-testicular malignancy in 3,477 patients.
Eur Radiol. 2007; 17(2):363-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
Testicular calcification and microlithiasis: association with primary intra-testicular malignancy in 3,477 patients.
Eur Radiol. 2007; 17(2):363-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
The prevalence of all forms of scrotal and testicular calcification and their association with testicular tumour in a symptomatic paediatric and adult population was investigated. A retrospective study of all testicular ultrasound examinations performed at a single centre over a 5-year period was undertaken. All studies were performed by experienced operators, recorded in a standard method, using high-frequency linear array transducers (> or =10 MHz). All available images (95.2%) were reviewed by experienced operators, recording the location and type of scrotal and testicular calcification according to a pre-determined schedule. A total of 3,854 studies were reviewed on 3,477 patients (age range: 1 month to 91 years). In the adult group, 3,279 examinations were analysed. Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) was 2.0%, and the prevalence of other non-microlithiasis testicular calcification (non-TM calcification) was 1.7%. Testicular tumour was associated with TM (odds ratio 9.5, P<0.001) and non-TM calcification (odds ratio 11.4, P<0.001) but not with other types of scrotal calcification. A total of 198 paediatric examinations were analysed. Prevalence of TM was 2.0% and the prevalence of non-TM calcification was 0.5%. One tumour (lymphoma) was identified, with no associated calcification. This study confirms the reported association between TM and testicular tumour and finds a previously unreported association between non-TM calcification and testicular tumour.
McNally RJ, Pearce MS, Parker L
Space-time clustering analyses of testicular cancer amongst 15-24-year-olds in Northern England.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2006; 21(2):139-44 [PubMed] Related Publications
Space-time clustering analyses of testicular cancer amongst 15-24-year-olds in Northern England.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2006; 21(2):139-44 [PubMed] Related Publications
There has been speculation that environmental exposures may be involved in the aetiology of testicular cancer in adolescent boys and young men. Indirect evidence for this hypothesis would be provided by the finding of space-time clustering. To examine this we have looked for evidence of space-time clustering using data from a population-based cancer registry from Northern England. All cases of testicular cancer diagnosed in males aged 15-24 years during the period 1968-2002 were included in the study. Tests for space-time interactions between cases were applied with fixed thresholds of close in space and close in time. Addresses at birth and diagnosis were used in the analyses. To adjust for the effect of varying population density tests were repeated replacing fixed geographical distances with nearest neighbour thresholds. A total of 257 cases of testicular cancer were identified for analysis. Overall there was no evidence for space-time clustering. However, there was statistically significant space-time clustering for 15-19-year-old based on time of birth and place of diagnosis (p<0.001). The very limited finding of space-time clustering may provide tentative evidence for an environmental, or infectious component to aetiology. However, it may well be a chance finding. A larger study based on national data is required.
Khan SA, John G, Howell SD
Primary carcinoid tumour of the testis.
J Pak Med Assoc. 2005; 55(12):561-3 [PubMed] Related Publications
Primary carcinoid tumour of the testis.
J Pak Med Assoc. 2005; 55(12):561-3 [PubMed] Related Publications
A left radical orchidectomy was performed on a 32-year-old man presenting with a testicular mass. Histology revealed a tumour comprising of cells with monotonous nuclei and granular cytoplasm arranged in an insular pattern. Immunohistochemical expression for NSE, synaptophysin and chromogranin A were positive. No teratomatous elements were seen. Postoperatively, a staging CT and an octreotide scan were normal. Urinary 5-HIAA levels were not elevated. Based on these investigations the tumour was diagnosed as a pure primary carcinoid tumour of the testis. The patient has been followed up for 3 years with no evidence of recurrence.
Lu YJ, Yang J, Noel E, et al.
Association between large-scale genomic homozygosity without chromosomal loss and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor development.
Cancer Res. 2005; 65(20):9137-41 [PubMed] Related Publications
Association between large-scale genomic homozygosity without chromosomal loss and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor development.
Cancer Res. 2005; 65(20):9137-41 [PubMed] Related Publications
The genotype of a tumor determines its biology and clinical behavior. The genetic alterations associated with the unique embryonal morphology of nonseminomatous subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors remain to be established. Using single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis, we found in all of the 15 nonseminomas analyzed, large-scale chromosomal homozygosities, most of which were not associated with relative chromosome loss. This unusual genotype, distinguishing nonseminoma from seminomas and other human tumors, may be associated with the special embryonal development morphologic transition of this malignancy. Based on these genetic data, we hypothesized a new potential origin of nonseminomas through sperm fusion. Nonrandom involvement of certain chromosomes also suggests that genes on these chromosome regions may play an important role in nonseminoma development.
Related: FISH Germ Cell Tumors
FISH Germ Cell Tumors
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