Kidney Cancer
Renal cell cancer (kidney cancer) is a disease in which malignant cells arise from tissues of the kidney. This is one of the less common types of cancer and it occurs more frequently in men compared to women. The vast majority of renal cell cancers are histologically classed as adenocarcinomas, these may be subdivided into clear cell and granular cell types (in some cases the 2 types can occur together in the same tumour). There are other less common types of non-adenocarcinoma kidney cancers including transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. Wilms' tumour is another type of kidney cancer, which is almost exclusively found in children.






Information Patients and the Public (8 links)
Renal Cell Cancer - Information for Patients
National Cancer InstitutePDQ summaries are written and frequently updated by editorial boards of experts Further info.
Information about the disease, staging, and treatment overviews. It is reviewed each month by a panel of medical experts.
Cancer Research UKCancerHelp information is examined by both expert and lay reviewers. Content is reviewed every 12 to 18 months. Further info.
Information about the cancer, diagnosis, treatment and living with the disease.
NHS ChoicesNHS Choices information is quality assured by experts and content is reviewed at least every 2 years. Further info.
What You Need To Know About Kidney Cancer
National Cancer InstituteBooklets written in simple language, which are regularly reviewed and updated Further info.
This site contains information about the disease, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options.
KCA
A charitable organization made up of patients, family members, physicians, researchers, and other health professionals globally. It is an international charity dedicated specifically to the eradication of death and suffering from renal cancers.
Cancer Research UK
Statistics for the UK, including incidence, mortality, survival, risk factors and stats related to treatment and symptom relief.
KCUK is a membership organisation founded by patients in January 2000. It aims to inform patients and carers and to establish a network of individuals and groups in the UK. The Web site includes information, details of events, FAQs, and a discussion forum.
KIDNEY-ONC - Kidney Cancer Online Support Group
ACOR
KIDNEY-ONC is an unmoderated discussion list for patients, family, friends, researchers, and physicians to discuss clinical and nonclinical issues and advances pertaining tokidney cancer, including renal cell cancer, transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis, and collecting duct carcinoma. This includes patient experiences, psychosocial issues, new research, clinical trials, alternative therapies, and discussions of current treatment practices.
Information for Health Professionals / Researchers (12 links)
- PubMed search for publications about Kidney Cancer - Limit search to: [Reviews]
PubMed Central search for free-access publications about Kidney Cancer
MeSH term: Kidney NeoplasmsUS National Library of Medicine
PubMed has over 22 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Constantly updated.
National Cancer InstitutePDQ summaries are written and frequently updated by editorial boards of experts Further info.
Detailed referenced information for Health Professionals
NHS EvidenceContent is regularly updated from selected sources. The site has input from an Editorial Board and Specialist Reference Groups. Further info.
Includes evidence, guidelines and facility to filer results.
Patient UKPatientUK content is peer reviewed. Content is reviewed by a team led by a Clinical Editor to reflect new or updated guidance and publications. Further info.
Peer reviewed and referenced article.
Case study: A sixty eight year old female with renal cell carcinoma
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh
Case study: A sixty-nine year old female with renal cell carcinoma
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh
Case study: Papillary renal cell carcinoma in a 44 year old male
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh
Oncolex - Oslo University Hospital (Norway) and MD Andersen (USA)
Detailed reference article covering etiology, histology, staging, metastatic patterns, symptoms, differential diagnoses, prognosis, treatment and follow-up.
KCA
A charitable organization made up of patients, family members, physicians, researchers, and other health professionals globally. It is an international charity dedicated specifically to the eradication of death and suffering from renal cancers.
Cancer Research UK
Statistics for the UK, including incidence, mortality, survival, risk factors and stats related to treatment and symptom relief.
Webpath
Pathology Images - including some cancer related.
SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Kidney and Renal Pelvis
SEER, National Cancer Institute
Overview and specific fact sheets on incidence and mortality, survival and stage,
lifetime risk, and prevalence.
Latest Research Publications
This list of publications is regularly updated (Source: PubMed).
VEGF inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma.
Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2016; 14(12):1016-1028 [PubMed] Related Publications
Clinicopathologic and Molecular Pathology of Collecting Duct Carcinoma and Related Renal Cell Carcinomas.
Adv Anat Pathol. 2017; 24(2):65-77 [PubMed] Related Publications
De Novo Renal Cell Carcinoma of Native Kidneys in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Single-center Experience.
Anticancer Res. 2017; 37(2):773-779 [PubMed] Related Publications
PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 2,173 patients who underwent renal transplantation in our Department between March 1983 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Using these data, we analyzed the incidence and types of post-transplant RCCs, as well as their clinical courses, focusing on native malignancies.
RESULTS: We found 11 RCCs (0.5%) during the observation period in native kidneys. The mean (±SD) follow-up period was 50.54±32.80 months. Four patients died during this period (36.4%).
CONCLUSION: Most RCCs in renal transplant recipients are low-stage, low-grade tumors with a favorable prognosis. Their diagnosis is usually incidental. RCC development in the native kidney of renal transplant recipients is an early event, frequently observed within 4 to 5 years after transplantation. The different natural history of these tumors is still undefined. Further research is needed to determine whether these differences are due to particular molecular pathways or to biases in relation to the mode of diagnosis.
An extramedullary plasmacytoma in the kidney of a 14-year-old girl: Case report and review of the literature.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96(6):e6092 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PATIENT CONCERNS: A 14-year-old girl was admitted in our hospital with intermittent right upper quadrant pain for 1 month and recent (1 day) progressive deterioration. There was a mass found by ultrasonography in the right kidney and subsequent abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 3 cm mass within the right kidney.
DIAGNOSES: Pathology revealed typical histology of plasmacytoma and immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of CD138, CD45, vimentin, and Kappa light chain.
INTERVENTIONS: The patient successfully underwent radical nephrectomy with an uneventful recovery. She received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy after surgery.
OUTCOMES: There was no recurrence or metastasis during a 22-month follow-up.
LESSONS: Our case study demonstrated that renal EMP with a relatively indolent clinical course, if detected at an early stage, can be treated by radical nephrectomy without adjuvant therapy. Generally, the clinical outcome and prognosis of EMP are favorable.
Preoperative Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Is Associated with Cancer-Specific Survival and Recurrence-Free Survival of Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Venous Tumor Thrombus.
Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017:3142926 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Aortic calcification burden predicts deterioration of renal function after radical nephrectomy.
BMC Urol. 2017; 17(1):13 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2012, we performed 511 consecutive radical nephrectomies for patients with RCC. We retrospectively studied data from 109 patients who had regular postoperative follow-up of renal function for at least five years. The patients were divided into non-CKD and pre-CKD based on a preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. The ACI was quantitatively measured by abdominal computed tomography before surgery. The patients in each group were stratified between low and high ACIs. Variables such as age, sex, comorbidities, and pre- and postoperative renal function were compared between patients with a low or high ACI in each group. Renal function deterioration-free interval rates were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Factors independently associated with deterioration of renal function were determined using multivariate analysis.
RESULTS: The median age, preoperative eGFR, and ACI in this cohort were 65 years, 68 mL/min/1.73 m(2), and 8.3%, respectively. Higher ACI (≥8.3%) was significantly associated with eGFR decline in both non-CKD and pre-CKD groups. Renal function deterioration-free interval rates were significantly lower in the ACI-high than ACI-low strata in both of the non-CKD and pre-CKD groups. Multivariate analysis showed that higher ACI was an independent risk factor for deterioration of renal function at 5 years after radical nephrectomy.
CONCLUSIONS: Aortic calcification burden is a potential predictor of deterioration of renal function after radical nephrectomy.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered as a clinical trial: UMIN000023577.
Clinical and Prognostic Effect of Plasma Fibrinogen in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis.
Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017:9591506 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Targeted Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Acta Med Indones. 2016; 48(4):335-347 [PubMed] Related Publications
Imaging of Solid Renal Masses.
Radiol Clin North Am. 2017; 55(2):243-258 [PubMed] Related Publications
Preoperative Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio Ameliorates the Accuracy of Differential Diagnosis in Non-Metastatic Infiltrative Renal Masses.
Yonsei Med J. 2017; 58(2):388-394 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computerized search of medical records from November 2005 to October 2015 identified 116 patients with infiltrative renal masses who were difficult to diagnose confirmatively in radiological study. We investigated the diagnostic efficacy among these patients with their preoperative absolute neutrophil counts (ANC), absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), absolute monocyte counts (AMC), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR).
RESULTS: The infiltrative RCC group demonstrated significantly lower ALC {1449/μL (1140-1896), median [interquartile range (IQR)]} than the TCC group [1860/μL (1433-2342), p=0.016]. LMR [median (IQR)] also was lower in the infiltrative RCC group [2.98 (2.32-4.14) vs. TCC group 4.10 (2.86-6.09); p=0.011]. In subgroup analysis, non-metastatic infiltrative RCC showed lower ALC and LMR and higher NLR than non-metastatic TCC. Within non-metastatic infiltrative renal masses, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that younger patient age and lower LMR were associated with infiltrative RCC [odds ratios (OR) 0.874, p=0.024 and OR 0.461, p=0.048, respectively]. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that younger age and lower LMR were highly predictive of non-metastatic RCC (area under the curve=0.919, p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: Age and LMR were significantly different between patients with infiltrative renal mass. These are potential markers for distinguishing between infiltrative RCC and TCC without metastasis.
CD34 immunostaining enhances a distinct pattern of intratumor angiogenesis with prognostic implications in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
APMIS. 2017; 125(2):128-133 [PubMed] Related Publications
Anastomosing hemangioma: report of two renal cases and analysis of the literature.
Diagn Pathol. 2017; 12(1):14 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
CASE PRESENTATION: The first occurred in a 64-year-old woman presented with back pain and the second, a multifocal lesion, in a 47-year-old man with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Histology disclosed a vascular tumor with striking anastomosing pattern, minimal nuclear atypia and locally infiltrative pattern, mimicking superficially angiosarcoma. Extramedullary hematopoiesis, extensive perirenal fat entrapment and increased number of mast cells were additional features in the second lesion. Both patients are well, without disease, 25 and 14 months after diagnosis.
CONCLUSION: Comprehensive review and analysis of the published literature show that the growing number of non-renal AHs exhibits similar epidemiologic, clinical, biologic and histologic characteristics with renal AHs and most mild differences vanish after exclusion of cases associated with ESRD. Better understanding of AH pathogenesis will contribute to optimal treatment choices.
CT texture analysis: a potential tool for prediction of survival in patients with metastatic clear cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib.
Cancer Imaging. 2017; 17(1):4 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: In this retrospective study, measurable lesions of 40 patients were selected based on RECIST criteria on standard contrast enhanced CT before and 2 months after treatment with Sunitinib. CT Texture analysis was performed using TexRAD research software (TexRAD Ltd, Cambridge, UK). Using a Cox regression model, correlation of texture parameters with measured time to progression and overall survival were assessed. Evaluation of combined International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium Model (IMDC) score with texture parameters was also performed.
RESULTS: Size normalized standard deviation (nSD) alone at baseline and follow-up after treatment was a predictor of OS (Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.01 and 0.02; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.00 - 0.29 and 0.00 - 0.39; p = 0.01 and 0.01). Entropy following treatment and entropy change before and after treatment were both significant predictors of OS (HR = 2.68 and 87.77; 95% CI = 1.14 - 6.29 and 1.26 - 6115.69; p = 0.02 and p = 0.04). nSD was also a predictor of PFS at baseline and follow-up (HR = 0.01 and 0.01: 95% CI: 0.00 - 0.31 and 0.001 - 0.22; p = 0.01 and p = 0.003). When nSD at baseline or at follow-up was combined with IMDC, it improved the association with OS and PFS compared to IMDC alone.
CONCLUSION: Size normalized standard deviation from CT at baseline and follow-up scans is correlated with OS and PFS in clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with Sunitinib.
Biomarkers of Renal Tumors: the Current State and Clinical Perspectives.
Curr Urol Rep. 2017; 18(1):3 [PubMed] Related Publications
Basic Parameters of Blood Count as Prognostic Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:8687575 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Pharmacotherapy for treating metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017; 18(2):205-216 [PubMed] Related Publications
Preoperative lipiodol marking and its role on survival and complication rates of CT-guided cryoablation for small renal masses.
BMC Urol. 2017; 17(1):10 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: Cryoablation therapy was performed on 42 patients under local anesthesia. Their median age was 74 years (31-91). The median tumor diameter was 21 mm (10-42). Responses to the treatment were evaluated using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) by contrast-enhanced CT. In six patients (14.3%) for whom it was not possible to use contrast medium, plain CT findings were assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
RESULTS: Twenty-nine (69%) and five (12%) patients achieved complete responses (CR) and partial responses (PR), respectively, while four (10%) and four (10%) patients each had stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) after the first course of therapy. A second course of cryoablation therapy with lipiodol marking was performed on three out of four patients with PD after the first course of therapy, and resulted in a total of 32 patients achieving CR (76%). Four (36.4%) out of 11 patients for whom lipiodol marking was not conducted had PD, whereas none of the 31 patients for whom lipiodol marking was conducted had PD. All grade complications were reported in 11 (24.4%) patients while grade 3 in two (4.4%) patients. 11 (24.4%) A significant difference was observed in postoperative hemorrhagic events in all grades (18% in patients undergoing cryoablation without lipiodol marking vs. 0% in patients undergoing cryoablation without lipiodol marking).
CONCLUSIONS: Although further studies involving more patients are needed in order to evaluate long-term results, cryoablation therapy appears to be a useful treatment option for SRM. Preoperative marking with lipiodol was helpful for improving complication and survival rates with cryoablation.
PD-L1 expression in papillary renal cell carcinoma.
BMC Urol. 2017; 17(1):8 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: In the present study, we investigated PD-L1/2 expression in papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC).
RESULT: We found PD-L1 expression in 29 of 102 cases, but no PD-L2 expression was seen. PD-L1 expression was not significantly correlated with any clinicopathological factor, including progression-free survival and overall survival. The frequency of PD-L1-positive cases was higher in type 2 (36%) than in type 1 (22%) pRCC; however, there was no significant difference in the percentages of score 0 cases (p value = 0.084 in Chi-square test). The frequency of high PD-L1 expression cases was higher in type 2 (23%) than in type 1 (11%), and the frequency of high PD-L1 expression cases was higher in grade 3/4 (21%) than in grade 1/2 (13%). However, no significant association was found between PD-L1 expression and all clinicopathological factors in pRCC.
CONCLUSION: High expression of PD-L1 in cancer cells was potentially associated to highly histological grade of malignancy in pRCC. The evaluation of the PD-L1 protein might still be useful for predicting the efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapy using immuno-checkpoint inhibitors, however, not be useful for predicting the clinical prognosis.
Bilateral benign renal oncocytomas and the role of renal biopsy: single institution review.
BMC Urol. 2017; 17(1):6 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: All patients underwent either robotic/laparoscopic or open PN by two experienced genitourinary oncologists from 2005-2013. Final pathology was determined by surgical excision, CT-guided percutaneous core biopsy (CT-biopsy) or fine needle aspiration (FNA). Patient demographics, tumor characteristics (pathologic data, location, size) type of surgery, pre/post estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and surgical complications were recorded.
RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified with bilateral RO. Median age at the time of surgery was 68 years (46-77) (Table 1). The median size of the largest tumor(s) resected was 2.75 cm (1.5-5.5 cm) and second largest tumor(s) was 1.75 cm (1.0-4.0 cm). Four patients underwent bilateral staged PN and one patient underwent simultaneous bilateral PN (horseshoe kidney). Two patients underwent RFA at the time of biopsy of the contralateral mass after PN. Five patients underwent CT-bx/FNA (5/5) of the contralateral mass followed by active surveillance. Mean follow up was 34 months. There was no significant change in median creatinine pre- and post-operatively. One patient was lost to follow up and one patient died of unknown causes 5 years post-operatively. eGFR decreased an average of 16.96% post-operatively, including a single patient whose eGFR increased by 7.8% after surgery and a single patient whose eGFR did not change (Table 2).
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with bilateral renal masses and pathologically proven RO can be safely managed with active surveillance after biopsy confirmation of the contralateral mass.
Baseline Chronic Kidney Disease and Ischemic Method of Partial Nephrectomy Are Important Factors for the Short- and Long-Term Deterioration in Renal Function for Renal Cell Carcinoma Staged T1-T2: A Retrospective Single Center Study.
Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:5398381 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Impact of targeted therapies in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on patient-reported outcomes: Methodology of clinical trials and clinical benefit.
Cancer Treat Rev. 2017; 53:53-60 [PubMed] Related Publications
METHODS: A systematic review identified RCTs published between January 2005 and July 2014. They were evaluated according to 11 items derived from the 2013 CONSORT PROs reporting guidelines. Survival outcomes and PROs main results were analyzed and the magnitude of clinical benefit was assessed with the European Society for Medical Oncology Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS).
RESULTS: 12 RCTs were included with a total of 22 publications. The mean CONSORT score for all items was 4.5 on an 11-point scale. No publication reported the power of the PROs analysis and only one reported a PRO hypothesis. 50% of studies did not interpret PROs in relation to clinical outcomes and only 18% discussed specific limitations of PROs and their implications for generalizability. By adding the QoL criterion to PFS, 4 trials (36.4%) obtained a high level of proven clinical benefit according to the ESMO-MCBS.
CONCLUSION: The methodology for assessing PROs in mRCC is not optimal. Efforts should focus on defining PROs endpoint and increasing the quality of reporting of QoL. New-generation therapies in mRCC should demonstrate a gain not only in survival but also in QoL to be included in the therapeutic arsenal.
Metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma to the rectum, lungs, ilium, and lymph nodes: A case report.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96(1):e5720 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
CASE SUMMARY: We describe a case of a 65-year-old male who was diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma to rectum 10 years after the right radical nephrectomy. Histopathology and immunohistochemical examinations contribute to making differential diagnosis between rectal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma and primary rectal clear cell carcinoma. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose shows hypermetabolic activity in upper rectum and other sites of metastasis at the same time.
CONCLUSION: Possibility of unusual metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma such as rectum indeed exists, which should not be ignored in the surveillance after resection of the primary tumor.
Spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipoma during pregnancy.
BMJ Case Rep. 2017; 2017 [PubMed] Related Publications
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for response to high dose interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma.
BMC Urol. 2017; 17(1):1 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
METHODS: Patients with clear cell mRCC treated with HD-IL2 were identified from an institutional database from 2003-2012. Baseline variables for the assessment of IMDC risk criteria, and neutrophil and lymphocyte count, were collected. Best response criteria were based on RECIST 1.0. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to evaluate the association of continuous baseline variables with disease control. NLR was stratified by ≤4 or >4. Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models assessed associations of NLR with survival.
RESULTS: In 71 eligible patients, median NLR in those with an objective response (n = 14, 20%) was 2.3 vs 3.4 in those without (n = 57, 80%, p = 0.02). NLR ≤4 was associated with improved progression free and overall survival. After adjustment for IMDC risk criteria, NLR remained a significant predictor of OS (ANC/ALC ≤4 vs >4, HR 0.41, 95% CI 1.09-5.46, p = 0.03; ANC/ALC continuous variable per unit change in NLR, HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.14, p = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS: In this discovery set, NLR predicts overall survival in patients treated with HD-IL2 in mRCC, and may allow better patient selection in this setting. Data needs validation in an independent cohort.
Biological Features of a Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Line Derived from Spinal Metastasis.
DNA Cell Biol. 2017; 36(2):168-176 [PubMed] Related Publications
Demyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Intern Med. 2017; 56(1):101-104 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Cystic and necrotic papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognosis, morphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular-genetic profile of 10 cases.
Ann Diagn Pathol. 2017; 26:23-30 [PubMed] Related Publications
Incidental Detection of Thyroid Metastases From Renal Cell Carcinoma Using 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT to Assess Prostate Cancer Recurrence.
Clin Nucl Med. 2017; 42(3):221-222 [PubMed] Related Publications
Laparoscopic versus Open Partial Nephrectomy: Comparison of Overall and Subgroup Outcomes.
Anticancer Res. 2017; 37(1):261-265 [PubMed] Related Publications
PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 356 cases (186 LPN and 170 OPN) between 2005-2012 were reviewed. Clinical, surgical, pathological and radiological data, including PADUA classification were analyzed.
RESULTS: In overall analysis, OPN was associated with higher tumor complexity (p≤0.03). Subgroup analysis of PADUA >8 tumors (n=85) showed no significant difference between LPN and OPN. In patients with unfavorable treatment characteristics (imperative indication/multifocal tumors, n=71) LPN was beneficial. In this subgroup, LPN led to better perioperative (p≤0.02) and postoperative (p≤0.04) outcome.
CONCLUSION: Use of LPN is associated with favorable tumor characteristics. Although no advantage was shown for LPN for tumors with higher complexity (PADUA>8), this large series confirmed the superiority of LPN for imperative indication or multifocal tumors.
A Study of Angiogenesis Markers in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Therapy with Sunitinib.
Anticancer Res. 2017; 37(1):253-259 [PubMed] Related Publications
PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed archival tissue for 59 RCC patients treated with sunitinib. The expression of angiogenesis markers VEGF-A, VEGFR, PDGFββ, PDGFR, CCND1 and CA9 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).
RESULTS: The median OS and median PFS of the whole group of patients was 24.6 months (17.3-34.2) and 19.5 months (11-27) respectively. VEGFA was positive in 29% of tumors, whereas VEGFR was expressed in only 12% of tumours. PDGFββ and its receptor were detected in a minority of cases. CCND1 and CA9 were positive in 44% and 60% of cases.
CONCLUSION: The OS and PFS achieved by our patients reflected previous observations seen with sunitinib, but no correlation was found between expression of angiogenesis markers and clinical outcome.