KLK3

Gene Summary

Gene:KLK3; kallikrein related peptidase 3
Aliases: APS, PSA, hK3, KLK2A1
Location:19q13.33
Summary:Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having diverse physiological functions. Growing evidence suggests that many kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and some have potential as novel cancer and other disease biomarkers. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Its protein product is a protease present in seminal plasma. It is thought to function normally in the liquefaction of seminal coagulum, presumably by hydrolysis of the high molecular mass seminal vesicle protein. Serum level of this protein, called PSA in the clinical setting, is useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma. Alternate splicing of this gene generates several transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:prostate-specific antigen
Source:NCBIAccessed: 30 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (6)

Cancer Overview

The product of the KLK3 gene, usually referred to as "prostate-specific antigen" or PSA is an important tumour marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Originally it was thought that PSA was only produced by the cells of the prostate gland (a male sex hormone gland). However, it has been shown that PSA is also expressed in other tissues, particularly in breast. Elevated PSA levels are seen in some breast and gynecologic cancers.

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 30 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • RTPCR
  • KLK3
  • Messenger RNA
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Single-Cell Analysis
  • Survival Rate
  • VEGFA
  • Prostate
  • Semen
  • Tumor Microenvironment
  • Tissue Array Analysis
  • Transcription Factors
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Trefoil Factor-2
  • Case-Control Studies
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Genetic Predisposition
  • Androgens
  • Risk Factors
  • Kallikreins
  • Staging
  • Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
  • Up-Regulation
  • Surveys and Questionnaires
  • Transcription
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
  • Telomerase
  • Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
  • Androgen Receptors
  • Genotype
  • Prostate-Specific Antigen
  • Chromosome 19
  • Ovarian Cancer
  • Tissue Kallikreins
  • Cervical Cancer
  • Young Adult
  • Zinc Fingers
  • Xanthones
  • Protein Isoforms
  • Transcriptome
Tag cloud generated 30 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (3)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Entity Topic PubMed Papers
Prostate CancerPSA expression in Prostate Cancer
The product of the KLK3 gene, known as "prostate-specific antigen" (PSA) is expressed by the prostate and other tissues. It is expressed by healthy cells but abnormally high levels of PSA in the blood are found in men prostate disorders including prostate cancer. PSA is an important tumour marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. In the blood some PSA binds to proteins some remains free. Some studies suggest that the ratio of free to total PSA is an early indicator of the degree of tumour aggressiveness.
View Publications3000
Breast CancerPSA expression in Breast Cancer
PSA is not "prostate-specific". It can be expressed by breast tissues (in both normal and abnormal breast) and in various breast milk, nipple aspirate, and cyst fluid. PSA in breast cancer is associated with the expression of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. A number of studies have indicated that elevated PSA levels are a favourable prognostic factor in breast cancer. In particular, a large cohort study of 953 women with breast cancer (Yu, 1998) found that survival and relapse free survival were significantly better in patients with levels higher than the 30th percentile of PSA compared to PSA-negative patients. PSA expression was significantly associated with smaller tumours, smaller proportion of S-phase cells, diploid tumours and younger age. PSA remained a significant independent prognostic factor after taking into account other clinical and pathological features.
View Publications182
Ovarian CancerPSA expression in Ovarian Cancere View Publications31

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: KLK3 (cancer-related)

Seitz AK, Heck MM, Kamer MW, Grüllich C
[Molecular tumor board prostate cancer].
Urologe A. 2019; 58(7):752-759 [PubMed] Related Publications
In modern oncology, molecular tumor boards are the interface between the public healthcare system and clinical research institutions. An interdisciplinary team of medical and scientific experts assesses if extensive molecular testing for tumor profiling is appropriate and discusses therapeutic options for patients with newly diagnosed treatable alterations. In the field of metastatic prostate cancer, patients especially with a strong family history, young age of diagnosis and those who have exhausted standard treatments may benefit from molecular profiling. Expression of the androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) predicts nonresponse to next-generation AR-directed therapy like abiraterone or enzalutamide. Different blood tests for AR-V7 detection are now commercially available. Mutations in the DNA repair pathway are another frequent event in metastatic prostate cancer. Homologous recombination defects sensitize cancer cells to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In the TOPARP-A trial, the PARP inhibitor olaparib led to high response rates (88%) in patients with mutated DNA repair genes. Furthermore, patients with DNA mismatch repair deficiency and/or microsatellite instability seem to benefit from PD-1 inhibitors, particularly pembrolizumab. At this time neither PARP inhibitors nor PD-1 inhibitors are approved for metastatic prostate cancer treatment in Germany. Therefore, a recommendation of a molecular tumor board for biomarker-matched off-label use of approved drugs across entity barriers will support coverage by health insurance.

Haese A, Trooskens G, Steyaert S, et al.
Multicenter Optimization and Validation of a 2-Gene mRNA Urine Test for Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer before Initial Prostate Biopsy.
J Urol. 2019; 202(2):256-263 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: A 2-gene, urine based molecular test that combines mRNA biomarkers with clinical factors can risk stratify patients for clinically significant prostate cancer. To ensure the generalizability of assay results we optimized and validated the clinical model for men with serum prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml who were undergoing initial prostate biopsy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine samples were collected from 1,955 men from The Netherlands, France and Germany prior to an initial prostate biopsy and study subjects were divided into training and validation cohorts. Urinary HOXC6 and DLX1 mRNA levels were quantified and RNA results were then combined with other risk factors in a clinical model optimized to detect ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) Grade Group 2 or greater prostate cancer in men with prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml. Results in the validation cohort were compared with the PCPTRC (Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator), version 2.0.
RESULTS: The optimal clinical model included urinary HOXC6 and DLX1 mRNA levels, patient age, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen density (serum prostate specific antigen/prostate volume). In the 715 validation cohort subjects with prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml the AUC was 0.82 with 89% sensitivity, 53% specificity and 95% negative predictive value. The PCPTRC AUC was 0.70. The full validation cohort of 916 men including all prostate specific antigen levels yielded an AUC of 0.85 with 93% sensitivity, 47% specificity and 95% negative predictive value. The PCPTRC AUC was 0.76.
CONCLUSIONS: The 2-gene based urine assay, which is optimized for biopsy naïve patients with serum prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng/ml, demonstrated high sensitivity and negative predictive value to detect clinically significant prostate cancer. These data support using the test to help guide initial prostate biopsy decisions.

Li F, Xu Y, Liu RL
SAMD5 mRNA was overexpressed in prostate cancer and can predict biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
Int Urol Nephrol. 2019; 51(3):443-451 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: To identify a novel biomarker that can predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy.
METHODS: The gene expression profile of SAMD5 in prostate cancer was explored based on the oncomine database and The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA). The follow-up information and clinical pathologic variables were extracted from the following cohort study: TCGA_prostate carcinoma. And then, survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier plot and Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Furthermore, another independent cohort study: Taylor prostate, was also acquired to validate the predictive effect of SAMD5 on BCR. In addition, the expression profile of SAMD5 in other cancer types was investigated using TCGA dataset.
RESULTS: SAMD5 mRNA was shown to be up-regulated in multiple microarray datasets of prostate cancer with the strict statistic criteria: p < 0.01 and fold change ≥ 2. In TCGA_PCa cohort study, high expression of SAMD5 was a risk factor for patients on post-operative BCR (HR 2.181, 95%CI 1.199-3.966, p = 0.011) and this predictive ability was independent of Gleason score and pathologic T stage (HR 2.018, 95%CI 1.102-3.698, p = 0.023). In another validating cohort study, the statistic trend was similar, and the pooled analysis by combining the two cohort study further confirmed its prognostic effect.
CONCLUSION: SAMD5 mRNA was overexpressed in prostate cancer and had powerful prognostic ability on predicting post-operative BCR, independent of Gleason score and pathologic T stage. Its high expression was associated with poor prognosis after RP.

Takuwa H, Tsuji W, Shintaku M, Yotsumoto F
Hormone signaling via androgen receptor affects breast cancer and prostate cancer in a male patient: A case report.
BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1):1282 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, accounting for only around 1% of all breast cancers. Most MBCs are hormone-driven. Not only the estrogen receptor (ER), but also other steroid hormone receptors, including the androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor (PgR) are expressed in MBC. AR activation in breast cancer cells facilitates downstream gene expression that drives tumorigenesis in a similar manner to ER. AR-mediated signalling works paradoxically in breast cancer and prostate cancer, and cancer cells expressing the AR are endocrine-sensitive.
CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of double cancer of MBC and prostate cancer. A 69-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a lump in his left breast in the 1990s. The patient had cT3N3M0, stage IIIC breast cancer, and underwent a mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection. Though adjuvant chemotherapy was administered, he experienced pleural metastasis 2 months after the surgery. Two years after the recurrence during endocrine therapy with oral 5-fluorouracil, he complained of frequent urination. Radiological and histological examinations revealed that the patient had cT3N0M0, stage III primary prostate cancer with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 40.5 ng/mL. Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were not tested. He received multidisciplinary, continuous therapy for both breast and prostate cancer; however, 5 and 3 years after each diagnosis, respectively, he experienced a deep vein thrombosis in his right leg related to the endocrine therapy. Liver metastasis progressed after he stopped breast cancer therapy. However, long-term disease control had been achieved with anti-estrogen therapy for breast cancer and estrogen replacement therapy for prostate cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: Several studies have shown that estrogen exposure after estrogen depletion likely causes apoptosis of ER-positive breast cancer cells. Our findings indicate that this also applies to the environment in male body. AR dominant signaling prevents breast cancer recurrence and metastasis, especially in MBC patients.

Beksac AT, Cumarasamy S, Falagario U, et al.
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Identify Aggressive Prostate Cancer at the Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Level.
J Urol. 2018; 200(6):1241-1249 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer with limited data on prognostic use. We sought to determine whether multiparametric magnetic resonance could predict aggressive prostate cancer features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 206 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2013 and 2017. All patients had available RNA expression data on the final pathology specimen obtained from a location corresponding to a lesion location on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. The association between the PIRADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) score and adverse pathology features were analyzed. We also performed differential transcriptomic analysis between the PIRADS groups. Factors associated with adverse pathology were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model.
RESULTS: Lesion size (p = 0.03), PIRADS score (p = 0.02) and extraprostatic extension (p = 0.01) associated significantly with the Decipher® score. Multivariable analysis showed that the PIRADS score (referent PIRADS 3, OR 8.1, 95% CI 1.2-57.5, p = 0.04), the Gleason Grade Group (referent 3, OR 5.6, 95% CI 1.5-21.1, p = 0.01) and prostate specific antigen (OR 1.103, 95% CI 1.011-1.203) were risk factors for adverse pathology findings. The difference between PIRADS 4 and 5 did not reach significance (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.8-4.5, p = 0.12). However, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR, WNT-β and E2F signaling pathways were more active in PIRADS 5 than in PIRADS 4 cases.
CONCLUSIONS: The PIRADS score is associated with adverse pathology results, increased metastatic risk and differential genomic pathway activation.

Kim YH, Byun YJ, Kim WT, et al.
J Korean Med Sci. 2018; 33(47):e303 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Background: Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) is an essential regulator of DNA replication and plays important roles in the activation and maintenance of the checkpoint mechanisms in the cell cycle. CDC6 has been associated with oncogenic activities in human cancers; however, the clinical significance of CDC6 in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether the
Methods: The study subjects included 121 PCa patients and 66 age-matched benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients.

Ding WH, Ren KW, Yue C, et al.
Association between three genetic variants in kallikrein 3 and prostate cancer risk.
Biosci Rep. 2018; 38(6) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between kallikrein 3 (KLK3) polymorphisms and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. However, published data on this association are somewhat inconclusive.
METHODS: Articles investigating the association between three KLK3 (rs1058205, rs2735839, and rs266882) variants and PCa susceptibility were searched from online databases, which included 35,838 patients and 36,369 control participants. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to demonstrate the strength of the association. We also utilized ELISA to detect serum expression of KLK3. In addition,
RESULTS: The overall results indicated that polymorphism T>C of rs1058205 was associated with decreased risk of PCa (allele contrast: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64-0.88,

Hua Y, Azeem W, Shen Y, et al.
Dual androgen receptor (AR) and STAT3 inhibition by a compound targeting the AR amino-terminal domain.
Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2018; 6(6):e00437 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Prostate cancer (PCa) often recurs as incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after the failure of androgen deprivation therapy. CRPC development relies on androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The IL6/STAT3 pathway is also a key driver of CRPC. The crosstalk between IL6/STAT3 and the AR pathways provides opportunities to explore next-generation agents to treat PCa. Through screening of around 600 natural compounds in our newly established prostate tumorigenesis model, potential STAT3 signaling inhibitors were found and additionally examined for effects on AR signaling. The small molecular compound 154 exhibited dual effects on IL6/STAT3 and AR pathways. We show here that compound 154 inhibits AR and STAT3 transcriptional activity, reduces the expression of phosphorylation of STAT3 (Y705) and downregulates the mRNA levels of AR target genes. Compound 154 also inhibits protein expression of AR and AR splice variants (ARv567es and AR-V7) without altering AR mRNA levels. Compound 154 binds to AR directly, but not to STAT3 and is identified as an antagonist of the AR amino-terminal domain (NTD) by disrupting protein-protein interactions between STAT3 and the AR NTD. Moreover, compound 154 does not reduce AR nuclear translocation. Compound 154 possesses the potential to become a leading compound in novel therapies against CRPC.

Xia Q, Ding T, Zhang G, et al.
Circular RNA Expression Profiling Identifies Prostate Cancer- Specific circRNAs in Prostate Cancer.
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018; 50(5):1903-1915 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main cancers that damage males' health severely with high morbidity and mortality, but there is still no ideal molecular marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.
METHODS: To determine whether the differentially expressed circRNAs in prostate cancer can serve as novel biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis, we screened differentially expressed circRNAs using SBC-ceRNA array in 4 pairs of prostate tumor and paracancerous tissues. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network for the differential circRNAs and their host genes was constructed by Cytoscape3.5.1 software. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the microarray data.
RESULTS: We found 1021 differentially expressed circRNAs in PCa tumor using SBC-ceRNA array and confirmed the expression of circ_0057558, circ_0062019 and SLC19A1 in PCa cell lines and tumor tissues through qRT-PCR analysis. We demonstrated that combination of PSA level and two differentially expressed circRNAs showed significantly increased AUC, sensitivity and specificity (0.938, 84.5% and 90.9%, respectively) than PSA alone (AUC of serum PSA was 0.854). Moreover, circ_0057558 was correlated positively with total cholesterol. The functional network of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA analysis showed that circ_0057558 and circ_0034467 regulated miR-6884, and circ_0062019 and circ_0060325 regulated miR-5008.
CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that differentially expressed circRNAs (circ_0062019 and circ_0057558) and host gene SLC19A1 of circ_0062019 could be used as potential novel biomarkers for prostate cancer.

Tang Y, Fan M, Choi YJ, et al.
Sika deer (Cervus nippon) velvet antler extract attenuates prostate cancer in xenograft model.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2019; 83(2):348-356 [PubMed] Related Publications
The present study determines whether antler extract (AE) possesses inhibitory effects in a prostate cancer (PC) xenograft model and explores the underlying mechanism. After therapeutic intervention for two weeks, AE significantly inhibited prostate cancer xenograft tumor growth by 65.08%, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. However, AE increased the serum testosterone level compared to the vehicle control group. Furthermore, our investigation of the inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes revealed that AE downregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), zinc finger protein (SNAIL1), twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1), and zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in vivo. In contrast, AE increased tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, (TIMP)-2, and E-cadherin. The results suggest that AE possesses potent anti-PC activity, and this is the first report on the anti-PC effect of AE in vivo.

Mao Z, Ji A, Yang K, et al.
Diagnostic performance of PCA3 and hK2 in combination with serum PSA for prostate cancer.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; 97(42):e12806 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), human kallikrein 2, and miRNA-141 are promising prostate cancer (Pca) specific biomarkers. Our aim was to evaluate the detection of PCA3, human glandular kallikrein 2 (hk2), and miRNA-141 mRNA in peripheral blood of patients received prostate biopsy. What's more, we want to detect the value of combination of PSA (prostate specific antigen) in the early diagnosis of PCa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hundred patients were divided into 2 groups according to the results of pathologic diagnosis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA of PCA3, hk2, and miRNA-141 in peripheral blood. At the same time, analyze those clinical outcomes used in the patients. We compared these different outcomes to evaluate the value of new molecular markers.
RESULTS: The level of mRNA of PCA3, hK2, and miR-141 in Pca group were significantly higher than that in BPH. PSA had the highest sensitivity in predicting Pca diagnosis (76.7%); PCA3 had the highest specificity (82.5%). And the combination of PCA3, PSA, and hK2 improved area under the curve (AUC)-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve largely, especially those with PSA 4-10ng/mL.
CONCLUSIONS: PCA3, hK2, and miRNA-141 were biomarkers of Pca with potential clinical application value, especially in patients with PSA gray area. Combining PCA3, PSA, and hK2 performed better than individual biomarkers alone in predicting Pca.

Ma Y, He L, Huang Q, et al.
Response to olaparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with germline BRCA2 mutation: a case report.
BMC Med Genet. 2018; 19(1):185 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, meaning patients would benefit from different treatment strategies based on their molecular stratification. In recent years, several genomic studies have identified prostate cancers with defects in DNA repair genes. It is known that the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, has a significant synthetic lethal effect on tumors with BRCA 1/2 mutations, particularly in ovarian and breast cancer.
CASE PRESENTATION: In this study, we describe a patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) containing a BRCA2 germline mutation who underwent olaparib treatment. The efficacy of the treatment was monitored by serum TPSA level as well as mutation levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The patient responded to the olaparib treatment as indicated by the minimal residual levels of TPSA and tumor-specific mutations of ctDNA in plasma after four months of treatment, although the patient eventually progressed at six-month post-treatment with significantly elevated and newly acquired somatic mutations in ctDNA.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that mCRPC with BRCA2 germline mutations could response to PARP inhibitor, which improves patient's outcome. We further demonstrated that NGS-based genetic testing on liquid biopsy can be used to dynamically monitor the efficacy of treatment.

Huang SY, Huang GJ, Wu HC, et al.
Molecules. 2018; 23(10) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Recent research suggests that the activation of lipid biosynthesis (lipogenesis) is linked with prostate cancer (PCa) malignancy. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) is a key transcriptional regulator controlling lipogenesis. Moreover, androgen receptor (AR) has been well defined to play an important role in lethal PCa aggressiveness from androgen-responsive to castration-resistant status. In this study, we showed that the quality-assured

Hernandez J, Gelfond J, Goros M, et al.
The effect of 3-month finasteride challenge on biomarkers for predicting cancer outcome on biopsy: Results of a randomized trial.
PLoS One. 2018; 13(10):e0204823 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor may have effects on biomarkers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that could be leveraged to improve screening.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive characteristics of biomarkers for prostate cancer for cancer on biopsy following 3 months of finasteride use compared with placebo.
DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 383 men from multiple clinical sites with intermediate prostate cancer risk, without history of prostate cancer, were randomly allocated in a double-blinded manner, 4:1, to receive either finasteride or placebo for 90 days at which time a prostate biopsy was performed.
OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcomes were associations of biomarkers with prostate cancer that were tested using multiple logistic regression and area under the receiver operating curves (AUC). Biomarkers for PCA risk (PCA3, TMPRSS2:ERG (T2:ERG) gene product, and PSA) were measured at baseline and at biopsy in a blinded fashion to assess the predictive performance of baseline levels, 90-day levels, and measures of change relative to standard predictors.
RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 292 (233 finasteride; 59 placebo) randomized patients underwent biopsy and were analyzed. On finasteride, baseline and 90-day measures of PCA3 and T2:ERG had similar moderate discrimination capacity with AUCs 62 to 65% (p-values < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively), but their rates of change had no discrimination ability (AUC 51%, (95% CI 43 to 60% p = 0.72) and 48% (95% CI 44 to 60%, p = 0.62), respectively).) Relative to baseline, the 90-day PCA3 and PSA decreased in the finasteride group by 25% and 50%, respectively (both p<0.001). T2:ERG had a smaller, non-significant change post finasteride treatment (p = 0.08).
CONCLUSIONS: Short-term finasteride therapy did not improve performance of the most commonly-employed prostate cancer biomarkers. Threshold values for new biomarkers of prostate cancer should be interpreted with caution in patients receiving finasteride until formal validation of test performance in these patients is conducted.
PATIENT SUMMARY: Three months of finasteride treatment did not increase the accuracy for predicting the outcome on prostate biopsy but did have a significant effect on biomarker values. Adjustments to thresholds for biopsy for men on finasteride are proposed.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01296672.

Li W, Middha M, Bicak M, et al.
Genome-wide Scan Identifies Role for AOX1 in Prostate Cancer Survival.
Eur Urol. 2018; 74(6):710-719 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer have low-risk cancers. How to predict prostate cancer progression at the time of diagnosis remains challenging.
OBJECTIVE: To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with death from prostate cancer.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Blood samples from 11 506 men in Sweden were collected during 1991-1996. Of these, 1053 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 245 died from the disease. Stage and grade at diagnosis and outcome information were obtained, and DNA from all cases was genotyped.
OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A total of 6 126 633 SNPs were tested for association with prostate-cancer-specific survival time using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for age, stage, and grade at diagnosis. A value of 1×10
RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We found 12 SNPs at seven independent loci associated with prostate-cancer-specific survival time. One of 6 126 633 SNPs tested reached genome-wide significance (p<5×10
CONCLUSIONS: The SNP rs73055188 at the AOX1 locus is associated with prostate-cancer-specific survival time, and AOX1 gene expression level is correlated with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.
PATIENT SUMMARY: We identify two genetic markers that are associated with prostate-cancer-specific survival time.

Said R, Garcia-Mayea Y, Trabelsi N, et al.
Expression patterns and bioinformatic analysis of miR-1260a and miR-1274a in Prostate Cancer Tunisian patients.
Mol Biol Rep. 2018; 45(6):2345-2358 [PubMed] Related Publications
Currently, microRNAs (miRs) represent great biomarkers in cancer due to their stability and their potential role in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. This study aims to evaluate the expression levels of miRs-1260 and -1274a in prostate cancer (PC) samples and to identify their eventual targets by using bioinformatic analysis. In this project, we evaluated the expression status of miRs-1260 and -1274a in 86 PC patients and 19 controls by using real-time quantitative PCR and 2

McKiernan J, Donovan MJ, Margolis E, et al.
A Prospective Adaptive Utility Trial to Validate Performance of a Novel Urine Exosome Gene Expression Assay to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer in Patients with Prostate-specific Antigen 2-10ng/ml at Initial Biopsy.
Eur Urol. 2018; 74(6):731-738 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Discriminating indolent from clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa) in the initial biopsy setting remains an important issue. Prospectively evaluated diagnostic assays are necessary to ensure efficacy and clinical adoption.
OBJECTIVE: Performance and utility assessment of ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) (EPI) urine exosome gene expression assay versus standard clinical parameters for discriminating Grade Group (GG) ≥2 PCa from GG1 PCa and benign disease on initial biopsy.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A two-phase adaptive clinical utility study (NCT03031418) comparing EPI results with biopsy outcomes in men, with age ≥50 yr and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 2-10ng/ml, scheduled for initial prostate biopsy. After EPI performance assessment during phase I, a clinical implementation document (ie, CarePath) was developed for utilizing the EPI test in phase II, where the biopsy decision is uncertain.
OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Performance evaluation of the EPI test in patients enrolled in phase I and publication of a consensus CarePath for phase II.
RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In a total of 503 patients, with median age of 64 yr, median PSA 5.4ng/ml, 14% African American, 70% Caucasian, 53% positive biopsy rate (22% GG1, 17% GG2, and 15% ≥ GG3), EPI was superior to an optimized model of standard clinical parameters with an area under the curve (AUC) 0.70 versus 0.62, respectively, comparable with previously published results (n=519 patients, EPI AUC 0.71). Validated cut-point 15.6 would avoid 26% of unnecessary prostate biopsies and 20% of total biopsies, with negative predictive value (NPV) 89% and missing 7% of ≥GG2 PCa. Alternative cut-point 20 would avoid 40% of unnecessary biopsies and 31% of total biopsies, with NPV 89% and missing 11% of ≥GG2 PCa. The clinical investigators reached consensus recommending use of the 15.6 cut-point for phase II. Outcome of the decision impact cohort in phase II will be reported separately.
CONCLUSIONS: EPI is a noninvasive, easy-to-use, gene expression urine assay, which has now been successfully validated in over 1000 patients across two prospective validation trials to stratify risk of ≥GG2 from GG1 cancer and benign disease. The test improves identification of patients with higher grade disease and would reduce the total number of unnecessary biopsies.
PATIENT SUMMARY: It is challenging to predict which men are likely to have high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) at initial biopsy with prostate-specific antigen 2-10ng/ml. This study further demonstrates that the ExoDx Prostate (IntelliScore) test can predict ≥GG2 PCa at initial biopsy and defer unnecessary biopsies better than existing risk calculator's and standard clinical data.

Filella X, Foj L
Novel Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018; 1095:15-39 [PubMed] Related Publications
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains as one of the most controversial issues in health care because of the dilemmas related to screening using Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). A high number of false positive biopsies and an elevated rate of overdiagnosis are the main problems associated with PSA. New PCa biomarkers have been recently proposed to increase the predictive value of PSA. The published results showed that PCA3 score, Prostate Health Index and 4Kscore can reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, outperforming better than PSA and the percentage of free PSA. Furthermore, 4Kscore provides with high accuracy an individual risk for high-grade PCa. High values of PHI are also associated with tumor aggressiveness. In contrast, the relationship of PCA3 score with aggressiveness remains controversial, with studies showing opposite conclusions. Finally, the development of molecular biology has opened the study of genes, among them TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene and miRNAs, in PCa detection and prognosis.

Srihari S, Kwong R, Tran K, et al.
Metabolic deregulation in prostate cancer.
Mol Omics. 2018; 14(5):320-329 [PubMed] Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: The prostate exhibits a unique metabolism that changes during initial neoplasia to aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) and metastasis. The study of PCa metabolism thus represents a new avenue for diagnostics, particularly early diagnosis of aggressive PCa cases.
RESULTS: Here, by clustering tissue transcriptomics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (498 PCa patients), we identified six metabolic subgroups (C1-C6) of PCa that show distinct disease-free survival (DFS) outcomes (p < 0.0001). In particular, we identified at least two subgroups (C5 & C3) that exhibit significant poor prognosis (∼70% and 30-40% relapse within the first 72 months; hazards ratios of 9.4 and 4.4, respectively, relative to the best prognosis cluster C4 that showed <20% relapse even by 120 months). We were able to reproduce the subgroups in several independent datasets including B. S. Taylor et al. (2010) data; 215 patients; DFS p = 0.00088) using a multinomial regression classifier. The subgroups displayed distinct metabolic profiles vis-à-vis normal tissues, measured as 'deregulation' observed for 20 metabolic pathways (using Pathifier; Y. Drier and E. Domany, 2013). In particular, C5 and C3 showed considerable deregulation for pathways involved in synthesis and catabolism of complex forms of lipids and carbohydrates, and these were exhibited in parallel or in the face of glycolysis, a common form of energy production in cancer cells. The subgroups were significantly over-enriched for different sets of genetic alterations [BRCA1, MSH2, FOXA1, TP53 (C5), RB1 and STK11(C3); and AR (C1); p ≤ 8.6 × 10-4], suggesting that distinct sets of alterations underpinning the PCa subgroups that 'push' the subgroups towards their unique metabolic profiles. Finally, applying the classifier to blood protein expression profiles from 42 active surveillance (AS) and 65 advanced castrate resistant PCa (ACRPC) patients (D. Olmos et al., 2012) assigned 70.77% ACPRC and interestingly reassigned 59.52% AS patients to at least one of the poor prognosis subgroups with 35.71% to the metabolically active poor-prognosis subgroup C3.
CONCLUSION: The identification of PCa subgroups displaying distinct clinical outcomes solely from metabolic expression profiles of PCa tumours reiterates the significant link between deregulated metabolism and PCa outcomes (E. Eidelman et al., 2017). On the other hand, the time to biochemical relapse (rise in PSA levels) was not indicative of early relapse seen for subgroups C3 and C5 (these show considerably late BCR compared to C4). Our study thus highlights specific processes (elevated lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways) that could be better indicators than PSA for early diagnosis of aggressive PCa.
AVAILABILITY: https://maxwellplus.com/research/metabolic-deregulation-in-prostate-cancer/.

Liu JX, Li W, Li JT, et al.
Screening key long non-coding RNAs in early-stage colon adenocarcinoma by RNA-sequencing.
Epigenomics. 2018; 10(9):1215-1228 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIM: We aim to identify the key long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in early-stage colon adenocarcinoma (COAD).
PATIENTS & METHODS: Compared with colonic intraepithelial neoplasia, differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in early-stage COAD were obtained by RNA-sequencing. Our previous work has obtained the differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs (DEmRNAs and DEmiRNAs) in early-stage COAD. DEmiRNA-DElncRNA-DEmRNA interaction analysis and functional annotation were performed. Validation of expression and receiver-operating characteristic analyses were performed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas.
RESULTS: Seventy-nine significantly DElncRNAs in early-stage COAD were obtained. MiR-153-3p-TUG1-DAPK1/ARNT2/KLK3/PLD1/SMAD2 and miR-153-3p-SNHG17-COL11A1/IGFBP3/KLF6 interactions were associated with early-stage COAD. Five DElncRNAs (ELFN1-AS1, LINC01234, SNHG17, UCA1 and LOC101929549) involved in early-stage COAD with potential diagnostic value.
CONCLUSION: LncRNAs involve in early-stage COAD by interaction with COAD-regulated genes and miRNAs.

Kornberg Z, Cowan JE, Westphalen AC, et al.
Genomic Prostate Score, PI-RADS™ version 2 and Progression in Men with Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance.
J Urol. 2019; 201(2):300-307 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: The OncotypeDx® GPS (Genomic Prostate Score®) is a 17-gene RNA expression assay intended to help guide treatment decisions in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The PI-RADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System) version 2 was developed to standardize the risk stratification of lesions identified on multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging. We sought to determine whether these tests are associated with an increased risk of biopsy upgrading in men on active surveillance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified all patients on active surveillance at the University of California-San Francisco who had low/intermediate risk prostate cancer (prostate specific antigen 20 ng/ml or less and clinical stage T1/T2) and Gleason score 6 disease who underwent multiple biopsies and had a GPS available and/or had undergone multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging with an available PI-RADS version 2 score. The primary study outcome was biopsy upgrading, defined as an increase in the Gleason score from 3 + 3 to 3 + 4 or greater, which was analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS: Of the men 140 had only GPS test findings, 169 had only a PI-RADS version 2 score and 131 had both data. Each 5-unit increase in the GPS was associated with an increased risk of biopsy upgrading (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19-1.39, p <0.01). PI-RADS scores of 5 vs 1-2 (HR 4.38, 95% CI 2.36-8.16, p <0.01) and 4 vs 1-2 (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.45-4.76, p <0.01) were also associated with an increased risk of a biopsy upgrade. On subanalysis of patients with GPS and PI-RADS version 2 scores the GPS was associated with biopsy upgrading, adding value to the clinical covariates (partial likelihood ratio p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: A higher GPS or a PI-RADS version 2 score of 4 or 5 was associated with an increased risk of biopsy upgrading.

Magi-Galluzzi C, Isharwal S, Falzarano SM, et al.
The 17-Gene Genomic Prostate Score Assay Predicts Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy Independent of PTEN Status.
Urology. 2018; 121:132-138 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Genomic prostate score assay (GPS) in predicting the biochemical-recurrence (BCR) and clinical-recurrence (CR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa).
METHODS: Three hundred seventy seven patients with and without CR were retrospectively selected by stratified cohort sampling design from RP database. PTEN status (by immunohistochemistry [IHC] and fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) and GPS results were determined for RP specimens. BCR was defined as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) ≥ 0.2 ng/mL or initiation of salvage therapy for a rising PSA. CR was defined as local recurrence and/or distant metastases.
RESULTS: Baseline mean age, PSA, and GPS score for the cohort were 61.1 years, 8 ng/dL, and 32.8. PTEN loss was noted in 38% patients by FISH and 25% by IHC. The concordance between FISH and IHC for PTEN loss was 66% (Kappa coefficient 0.278; P < .001). On univariable analysis, loss of PTEN by FISH or IHC was associated with BCR and CR (P < .05). However, after adjusting for GPS results, PTEN loss was not a significant predictor for CR or BCR (P > .1). The GPS result remained strongly associated with CR and BCR after adjusting for PTEN status (P < .001). PTEN status and GPS results only weakly correlated. GPS was widely distributed regardless of PTEN status indicating the biological heterogeneity of PCa even in PTEN-deficient cases.
CONCLUSION: GPS is a significant predictor of aggressive PCa, independent of PTEN status. After adjustment for GPS results, PTEN was not independently associated with recurrence for PCa.

Tamura RE, de Luna IV, Lana MG, Strauss BE
Improving adenoviral vectors and strategies for prostate cancer gene therapy.
Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2018; 73(suppl 1):e476s [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications
Gene therapy has been evaluated for the treatment of prostate cancer and includes the application of adenoviral vectors encoding a suicide gene or oncolytic adenoviruses that may be armed with a functional transgene. In parallel, versions of adenoviral vector expressing the p53 gene (Ad-p53) have been tested as treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Although Ad-p53 gene therapy has yielded some interesting results when applied to prostate cancer, it has not been widely explored, perhaps due to current limitations of the approach. To achieve better functionality, improvements in the gene transfer system and the therapeutic regimen may be required. We have developed adenoviral vectors whose transgene expression is controlled by a p53-responsive promoter, which creates a positive feedback mechanism when used to drive the expression of p53. Together with improvements that permit efficient transduction, this new approach was more effective than the use of traditional versions of Ad-p53 in killing prostate cancer cell lines and inhibiting tumor progression. Even so, gene therapy is not expected to replace traditional chemotherapy but should complement the standard of care. In fact, chemotherapy has been shown to assist in viral transduction and transgene expression. The cooperation between gene therapy and chemotherapy is expected to effectively kill tumor cells while permitting the use of reduced chemotherapy drug concentrations and, thus, lowering side effects. Therefore, the combination of gene therapy and chemotherapy may prove essential for the success of both approaches.


Small-Cell Prostate Cancer Variety Surprisingly Common.
Cancer Discov. 2018; 8(9):OF4 [PubMed] Related Publications
A recent study finds that treatment-emergent small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer occurs in 17% of patients with the metastatic, castration-resistant form of the disease. This small-cell variety of prostate cancer shows a distinct gene expression signature and reduces patients' survival by nearly 20%.

Shiota M, Dejima T, Yamamoto Y, et al.
Collateral resistance to taxanes in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer through aberrant androgen receptor and its variants.
Cancer Sci. 2018; 109(10):3224-3234 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications
Currently, the optimal sequential use of androgen receptor (AR) axis-targeted agents and taxane chemotherapies remains undetermined. We aimed to elucidate the resistance status between taxanes and enzalutamide, and the functional role of the AR axis. Enzalutamide-resistant 22Rv1 cells showed collateral resistance to taxanes, including docetaxel and cabazitaxel. However, taxane-resistant cells showed no collateral resistance to enzalutamide; taxane-resistant cells expressed comparable protein levels of full-length AR and AR variants. Knockdown of both full-length AR and AR variants rendered cells sensitive to taxanes, whereas knockdown of AR variants sensitized cells to enzalutamide, but not to taxanes. In contrast, overexpression of full-length AR rendered cells resistant to taxanes. Consistently, the prostate-specific antigen response and progression-free survival in docetaxel chemotherapy were worse in cases with prior use of ARAT agents compared with cases without. Collateral resistance to taxanes was evident after obtaining enzalutamide resistance, and aberrant AR signaling might be involved in taxane resistance.

Hillebrand AC, Pizzolato LS, Neto BS, et al.
Androgen receptor isoforms expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and primary prostate cancer.
PLoS One. 2018; 13(7):e0200613 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications
The role of molecular changes in the androgen receptor (AR) as AR variants (AR-Vs) is not clear in the pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and hormone-naïve PCa. The aim of the current work was to identify the presence of AR isoforms in benign tissue and primary PCa, and to evaluate the possible association with tumor aggressiveness and biochemical recurrence in primary PCa. The mRNA levels of full length AR (AR-FL) and AR-Vs (AR-V1, AR-V4 and AR-V7) were measured using RT-qPCR. The protein expression of AR-FL (AR-CTD and AR-NTD) and AR-V7 were evaluated by the H-Score in immunohistochemistry (IHC). All investigated mRNA targets were expressed both in BPH and PCa. AR-FL mRNA levels were similar in both groups. AR-V4 mRNA expression showed higher levels in BPH, and AR-V1 and AR-V7 mRNA expression were higher in PCa. The AR-V7 protein showed a similar H-Score in both groups, while AR-CTD and AR-NTD were higher in nuclei of epithelial cells from BPH. These results support the assumption that these constitutively active isoforms of AR are involved in the pathophysiology of primary PCa and BPH. The role of AR-Vs and their possible modulation by steroid tissue levels in distinct types of prostate tumors needs to be elucidated to help guide the best clinical management of these diseases.

Huang X, He Z, Guo D, et al.
"Three-in-one" Nanohybrids as Synergistic Nanoquenchers to Enhance No-Wash Fluorescence Biosensors for Ratiometric Detection of Cancer Biomarkers.
Theranostics. 2018; 8(13):3461-3473 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications

Capaia M, Granata I, Guarracino M, et al.
A hnRNP K⁻AR-Related Signature Reflects Progression toward Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(7) [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/12/2019 Related Publications
The major challenge in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains the ability to predict the clinical responses to improve patient selection for appropriate treatments. The finding that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induces alterations in the androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional program by AR coregulators activity in a context-dependent manner, offers the opportunity for identifying signatures discriminating different clinical states of prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Gel electrophoretic analyses combined with western blot showed that, in androgen-dependent PCa and CRPC in vitro models, the subcellular distribution of spliced and serine-phosphorylated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) isoforms can be associated with different AR activities. Using mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses, we showed that the protein sets of androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and ADT-resistant cell lines (PDB and MDB) co-immunoprecipitated with hnRNP K varied depending on the cell type, unravelling a dynamic relationship between hnRNP K and AR during PCa progression to CRPC. By comparing the interactome of LNCaP, PDB, and MDB cell lines, we identified 51 proteins differentially interacting with hnRNP K, among which KLK3, SORD, SPON2, IMPDH2, ACTN4, ATP1B1, HSPB1, and KHDRBS1 were associated with AR and differentially expressed in normal and tumor human prostate tissues. This hnRNP K⁻AR-related signature, associated with androgen sensitivity and PCa progression, may help clinicians to better manage patients with CRPC.

Hupe MC, Hoda MR, Zengerling F, et al.
The BET-inhibitor PFI-1 diminishes AR/AR-V7 signaling in prostate cancer cells.
World J Urol. 2019; 37(2):343-349 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins provides a scaffolding platform for the recruitment and tethering of transcription factors to acetylated chromatin, thereby modulating gene expression. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the BET-inhibitor PFI-1 to diminish AR/AR-V7 signaling and proliferation in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.
METHODS: Prostate-specific antigen and androgen receptor (AR) protein were quantified by means of two commercial ELISAs. Transactivation of the AR, AR-V7 and Q641X was determined by reporter gene assays. Cell proliferation was measured using a colorimetric MTT-assay.
RESULTS: PFI-1 dose-dependently inhibited transactivation of full-length AR (non- mutated, i.e., wild-type or point-mutated/promiscuous forms) without affecting their cellular protein levels. Moreover, PFI-1 was active against C-terminally truncated constitutively active ARs like AR-V7 and Q641X. Prostate cancer cells exhibiting a transcriptionally active AR-signaling complex (LNCaP, 22Rv1) were more susceptible to the growth-inhibitory effects than the AR-negative PC-3 cells.
CONCLUSION: The quinazolinone PFI-1 is a highly efficient inhibitor of AR-signaling-competent prostate cancer cells in vitro. PFI-1 could serve as a lead compound for the development of new therapeutics able to block AR/AR-V7 signaling in advanced prostate cancer.

Kluth M, Scherzai S, Büschek F, et al.
13q deletion is linked to an adverse phenotype and poor prognosis in prostate cancer.
Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2018; 57(10):504-512 [PubMed] Related Publications
Deletions of chromosome arm 13q belong to the most frequent molecular alterations in prostate cancer. To better understand the role of 13q deletion in prostate cancer we took advantage of our large prostate cancer tissue microarray comprising more than 12 000 cancer samples with full pathological and clinical follow-up data. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes for ENOX1 (13q14.11) and the retinoblastoma gene (RB1, 13q14.2) was employed. A 13q deletion was found in 21% of 7375 analyzable cancers. Deletions were always heterozygous and associated with high Gleason grade (P < .0001), advanced tumor stage (P < .0001), high preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (P = .0125), lymph node metastasis (P = .0377), positive resection margin (P = .0064), and early biochemical recurrence (P < .0001). 13q deletions were marginally more frequent in prostate cancers with negative ERG status (22.9%) than in ERG-positive tumors (18.7%; P < .0001). Loss of 13q predicted patient prognosis independently from established prognostic parameters that are available at the time of biopsy (P = .0004), including preoperative PSA level, clinical tumor stage, and biopsy Gleason grade. In summary, the results of our study identify 13q deletion as a frequent event in prostate cancer, which is linked to an adverse phenotype and poor prognosis in this disease.

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