 Summary Information
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Location: 19q13
Aliases: PSA, APS
Overview:
The product of the KLK3 gene, usually referred to as "prostate-specific antigen" or PSA is an important tumour marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Originally it was thought that PSA was only produced by the cells of the
prostate gland (a male sex hormone gland). However, it has been shown that PSA is also expressed in other tissues, particularly in breast. Elevated PSA levels are seen in some breast and gynecologic cancers.
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| Gene Database Entries for KLK3
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OMIM
GeneCard (Weizmann Institute)
Swiss-Prot
Locus Link
UniGene
GenAtlas
GDB
Nomenclature (search for KLK3)
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| Other Related Resources
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Prostate cancer screening with the PSA test (Tricon, USA)
Fundamentals of Prostate Cancer Detection and Treatment (by Tom Feeney) This page contains articles about the difficult issues of screening and treatment for prostate cancer; with quotations and references to medical journals.
Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program (Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA) a program established in 1996 to provide screening and follow-up for men with higher than average risk of prostate cancer.
 Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer Screening
PSA (KLK3) gene (19q13)
Abrahamsson PA, et al. Molecular forms of serum prostate-specific antigen. The clinical value of percent free prostate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am. 1997; 24(2):353-65. [Review] Related articles (PubMed)
DeAntoni EP, et al. Age-specific reference ranges for PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. Oncology (Huntingt). 1997; 11(4):475-82+485-6, 489 [Review] Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific antigen (PubMed)
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- Medline Search: cancer AND gene AND (KLK3[TI] OR PSA[TI] OR APS[TI]) (PubMed)
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| Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Cancer
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The product of the KLK3 gene, known as "prostate-specific antigen" (PSA) is expressed by the prostate and other tissues. It is expressed by healthy cells but abnormally high levels of PSA in the blood are found in men prostate disorders including prostate
cancer.
PSA is an important tumour marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. In the blood some PSA binds to proteins some remains free. Some studies suggest that the ratio of free to total PSA is an early indicator of the degree of tumour
aggressiveness.
Abrahamsson PA, et al. Molecular forms of serum prostate-specific antigen. The clinical value of percent free prostate-specific antigen. Urol Clin North Am. 1997; 24(2):353-65. [Review] Related articles (PubMed)
DeAntoni EP, et al. Age-specific reference ranges for PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. Oncology (Huntingt). 1997; 11(4):475-82+485-6, 489 [Review] Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific antigen AND prostate cancer (PubMed)
Limit search to: [Last Year] Limit search to: [Last 2 Years]
Limit search to: [Reviews]
- Related Resources
- Prostate Cancer - Microbiology / Genetics
- Prostate Cancer - Clinical Information
- Prostate Cancer Screening
Prostate Cancer Genetics
Prostate Cancer : Clinical and Epidemiological Information
- Prostate cancer screening with the PSA test (Tricon, USA)
- Fundamentals of Prostate Cancer Detection and Treatment (by Tom Feeney) This page contains articles about the difficult issues of screening and treatment for prostate cancer; with quotations and references to medical journals.
- Prostate Cancer Risk Assessment Program (Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA) a program established in 1996 to provide screening and follow-up for men with higher than average risk of prostate cancer.
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| Use of Percent Free PSA in Prostate Cancer Staging
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Of the total PSA circulating in the blood some binds to proteins while some remains free. Some studies suggest that the percentage of total PSA which is free is an early indicator of the degree of tumour aggressiveness. Other studies have reported
conflicing results. The clinical value of percentage free PSA remains controversial.
Southwick PC, et al. Prediction of post-radical prostatectomy pathological outcome for stage T1c prostate cancer with percent free prostate specific antigen: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 1999; 162(4):1346-51 Related articles (PubMed)
Pannek J, et al. The use of percent free prostate specific antigen for staging clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159(4):1238-42 [Review] Related articles (PubMed)
Noldus J, et al. The value of the ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen for staging purposes in previously untreated prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159(6):2004-7 Related articles (PubMed)
Bangma CH, et al. The free-to-total serum prostate specific antigen ratio for staging prostate carcinoma. J Urol 1997; 157(2):544-7 Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific angigen AND percent free AND prostate cancer (PubMed)
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Prostate Cancer Genetics
Prostate Cancer : Clinical and Epidemiological Information
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| Prostate Specific Antigen in Women
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Originally it was thought that PSA was only produced by the cells of the prostate gland (a male sex hormone gland). However, it has been shown that PSA is also expressed in many female tissues, particularly breast tissues (in both normal and abnormal
breast) and in various breast milk, nipple aspirate, and cyst fluid.
Pregnant women have elevated serum PSA. High levels of PSA are found in amniotic fluid and the levels change with gestational age. In healthy women serum PSA levels vary during menstrual cycles and are higher in women with excess androgen. Elevated PSA
levels are seen in some breast and gynecologic cancers and this may have clinical significance.
Yu H, Berkel H Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in women [Review] J La State Med Soc 1999;151(4):209-13 Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific antigen AND woman (PubMed)
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| Prostate Specific Antigen and Breast Cancer
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PSA is not "prostate-specific". It can be expressed by breast tissues (in both normal and abnormal breast) and in various breast milk, nipple aspirate, and cyst fluid. PSA in breast cancer is associated with the expression of estrogen receptor and
progesterone receptor.
A number of studies have indicated that elevated PSA levels are a favourable prognostic factor in breast cancer. In particular, a large cohort study of 953 women with breast cancer (Yu, 1998) found that survival and relapse free survival were
significantly better in patients with levels higher
than the 30th percentile of PSA compared to PSA-negative patients. PSA expression was significantly associated with smaller tumours, smaller proportion of S-phase cells, diploid tumours and younger age. PSA remained a significant independent prognostic
factor after taking into account other clinical and pathological features.
Foekens JA, et al. Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) correlates with poor response to tamoxifen therapy in recurrent breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 79(5-6):888-94 Related articles (PubMed)
Yu H, et al. Prognostic value of prostate-specific antigen for women with breast cancer: a large United States cohort study. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4(6):1489-97 Related articles (PubMed)
Griniatsos J, et al. Correlation of prostate specific antigen immunoactivity (IR-PSA) to other prognostic factors in female breast cancer. Anticancer Res 1998; 18(1B):683-8 Related articles (PubMed)
Kucera E, et al. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) in breast and ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17(6D):4735-7 Related articles (PubMed)
Yu H, et al. Prostate-specific antigen is a new favorable prognostic indicator for women with breast cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55(10):2104-10 Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific antigen AND breast cancer (PubMed)
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Breast Cancer Genetics
Breast Cancer : Clinical and Epidemiological Information
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| Prostate Specific Antigen and Ovarian Cancer
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Kucera E, et al. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) in breast and ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17(6D):4735-7 Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: prostate specific antigen AND ovarian cancer (PubMed)
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- Related Resources
Ovarian Ca. Genetics
Ovarian Ca. : Clinical and Epidemiological Information
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| PSA may have Antiangiogenesis Properties
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Fortier AH, et al. Antiangiogenic activity of prostate-specific antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(19):1635-40 Related articles (PubMed)
Medline Search: angiogenesis AND PSA (PubMed)
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[Home] This page created: 19/10/1999 Last revised: 29/04/2003 © Copyright 1999-
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