XRCC5

Gene Summary

Gene:XRCC5; X-ray repair cross complementing 5
Aliases: KU80, KUB2, Ku86, NFIV, KARP1, KARP-1
Location:2q35
Summary:The protein encoded by this gene is the 80-kilodalton subunit of the Ku heterodimer protein which is also known as ATP-dependant DNA helicase II or DNA repair protein XRCC5. Ku is the DNA-binding component of the DNA-dependent protein kinase, and it functions together with the DNA ligase IV-XRCC4 complex in the repair of DNA double-strand break by non-homologous end joining and the completion of V(D)J recombination events. This gene functionally complements Chinese hamster xrs-6, a mutant defective in DNA double-strand break repair and in ability to undergo V(D)J recombination. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5
Source:NCBIAccessed: 01 September, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (32)
Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
Show (1)

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 01 September 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Radiation Tolerance
  • X-Rays
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • DNA Damage
  • Tumor Suppressor Proteins
  • DNA-Activated Protein Kinase
  • Leukaemia
  • Xeroderma Pigmentosum
  • Messenger RNA
  • Lung Cancer
  • Myeloid Leukemia
  • Protein Multimerization
  • DNA Repair
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • Twins
  • Promoter Regions
  • X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1
  • Ku Autoantigen
  • DNA Helicases
  • Stomach Cancer
  • Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
  • Telomere
  • Genotype
  • DNA-Binding Proteins
  • Chromosome 2
  • Subcellular Fractions
  • Vidarabine
  • beta Catenin
  • Venous Thrombosis
  • Antigens, Nuclear
  • Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Risk Factors
  • Smoking
  • Registries
  • p53 Protein
  • Transcription
  • Genetic Predisposition
  • Siblings
  • cdc25 Phosphatases
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
Tag cloud generated 01 September, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (4)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: XRCC5 (cancer-related)

Herbert K, Binet R, Lambert JP, et al.
BRN2 suppresses apoptosis, reprograms DNA damage repair, and is associated with a high somatic mutation burden in melanoma.
Genes Dev. 2019; 33(5-6):310-332 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Whether cell types exposed to a high level of environmental insults possess cell type-specific prosurvival mechanisms or enhanced DNA damage repair capacity is not well understood. BRN2 is a tissue-restricted POU domain transcription factor implicated in neural development and several cancers. In melanoma, BRN2 plays a key role in promoting invasion and regulating proliferation. Here we found, surprisingly, that rather than interacting with transcription cofactors, BRN2 is instead associated with DNA damage response proteins and directly binds PARP1 and Ku70/Ku80. Rapid PARP1-dependent BRN2 association with sites of DNA damage facilitates recruitment of Ku80 and reprograms DNA damage repair by promoting Ku-dependent nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) at the expense of homologous recombination. BRN2 also suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy- and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, BRN2 expression also correlates with a high single-nucleotide variation prevalence in human melanomas. By promoting error-prone DNA damage repair via NHEJ and suppressing apoptosis of damaged cells, our results suggest that BRN2 contributes to the generation of melanomas with a high mutation burden. Our findings highlight a novel role for a key transcription factor in reprogramming DNA damage repair and suggest that BRN2 may impact the response to DNA-damaging agents in BRN2-expressing cancers.

Kuo IY, Huang YL, Lin CY, et al.
SOX17 overexpression sensitizes chemoradiation response in esophageal cancer by transcriptional down-regulation of DNA repair and damage response genes.
J Biomed Sci. 2019; 26(1):20 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients is poor and the concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) provided to ESCC patients often failed due to resistance. Therefore, development of biomarkers for predicting CCRT response is immensely important. In this study, we evaluated the predicting value of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 17 (SOX17) protein during CCRT and its dysregulation of transcriptional targets in CCRT resistance in ESCC.
METHODS: Pyrosequencing methylation, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to examine the DNA methylation, mRNA expression and protein expression levels of SOX17 in endoscopic biopsy from a total of 70 ESCC patients received CCRT. Cell proliferation, clonogenic survival and xenograft growth were used to confirm the sensitization of ESCC cell line KYSE510 in response to cisplatin, radiation or CCRT treatment by SOX17 overexpression in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase activity, RT-qPCR and ChIP-qPCR assays were conducted to examine transcription regulation of SOX17 in KYSE510 parental, KYSE510 radio-resistant cells and their derived xenografts.
RESULTS: High DNA methylation coincided with low mRNA and protein expression levels of SOX17 in pre-treatment endoscopic biopsy from ESCC patients with poor CCRT response. SOX17 protein expression exhibited a good prediction performance in discriminating poor CCRT responders from good responder. Overexpression of SOX17 sensitized KYSE510 radio-resistant cells to cisplatin, radiation or CCRT treatment in cell and xenograft models. Importantly, SOX17 transcriptionally down-regulated DNA repair and damage response-related genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, KU80 DNAPK, p21, SIRT1, NFAT5 and REV3L in KYSE510 radio-resistant cells to achieve the sensitization effect to anti-cancer treatment. Low expression of BRCA1, DNAPK, p21, RAD51 and SIRT1 was confirmed in SOX17 sensitized xenograft tissues derived from radio-resistant ESCC cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals a novel mechanism by which SOX17 transcriptionally inactivates DNA repair and damage response-related genes to sensitize ESCC cell or xenograft to CCRT treatment. In addition, we establish a proof-of-concept CCRT prediction biomarker using SOX17 immunohistochemical staining in pre-treatment endoscopic biopsies to identify ESCC patients who are at high risk of CCRT failure and need intensive care.

Piotto C, Biscontin A, Millino C, Mognato M
Functional validation of miRNAs targeting genes of DNA double-strand break repair to radiosensitize non-small lung cancer cells.
Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech. 2018; 1861(12):1102-1118 [PubMed] Related Publications
DNA-Double strand breaks (DSBs) generated by radiation therapy represent the most efficient lesions to kill tumor cells, however, the inherent DSB repair efficiency of tumor cells can cause cellular radioresistance and impact on therapeutic outcome. Genes of DSB repair represent a target for cancer therapy since their down-regulation can impair the repair process making the cells more sensitive to radiation. In this study, we analyzed the combination of ionizing radiation (IR) along with microRNA-mediated targeting of genes involved in DSB repair to sensitize human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. MicroRNAs are natural occurring modulators of gene expression and therefore represent an attractive strategy to affect the expression of DSB repair genes. As possible IR-sensitizing targets genes we selected genes of homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway (i.e. RAD51, BRCA2, PRKDC, XRCC5, LIG1). We examined these genes to determine whether they may be real targets of selected miRNAs by functional and biological validation. The in vivo effectiveness of miRNA treatments has been examined in cells over-expressing miRNAs and treated with IR. Taken together, our results show that hsa-miR-96-5p and hsa-miR-874-3p can directly regulate the expression of target genes. When these miRNAs are combined with IR can decrease the survival of NSCLC cells to a higher extent than that exerted by radiation alone, and similarly to radiation combined with specific chemical inhibitors of HR and NHEJ repair pathway.

Liang J, Cui Y, Meng Y, et al.
Integrated analysis of transcription factors and targets co-expression profiles reveals reduced correlation between transcription factors and target genes in cancer.
Funct Integr Genomics. 2019; 19(1):191-204 [PubMed] Related Publications
Transcription factors are recognized as the key regulators of gene expression. However, the changes in the correlation of transcription factors and their target genes between normal and tumor tissues are usually ignored. In this research, we used mRNA expression profile data from The Cancer Genome Atlas which included 5726 samples across 11 major human cancers to perform co-expression analysis by the Pearson correlation coefficients. Then, integrating 81,357 pairs of transcription factors and target genes from transcription factors databases to find out the changes in the co-expression correlation of these gene pairs from normal to tumor tissues. Based on the changes in the number of co-expressed TF-TG pairs and changes in the level of co-expression, we found the generally reduced correlation between transcription factors and their target genes in cancer. Additionally, we screened out universal and specific transcription factors-target genes pairs which may significant influence particular cancer. Then, we obtained 423 cancer cell line expression profiles from Broad Institute Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia to verify our results. Some of these pairs like XRCC5-XRCC6 have been reported to involve in multiple cancers, while pairs like IRF1-PSMB9 without any previous articles related to tumor but involve in the biological processes of cancer, which are of great potential to be therapeutic targets. Our research may provide insights to better understand the tumor development mechanisms and find potential therapeutic targets.

Perona M, Thomasz L, Rossich L, et al.
Radiosensitivity enhancement of human thyroid carcinoma cells by the inhibitors of histone deacetylase sodium butyrate and valproic acid.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018; 478:141-150 [PubMed] Related Publications
Radiotherapy is one of the leading treatments for clinical cancer therapy. External beam radiotherapy has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment for patients bearing differentiated thyroid cancer refractory to conventional therapy. Our purpose was to study the combined effect of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) and ionizing irradiation in thyroid cancer cell lines (Nthy-ori 3-1, WRO, TPC-1 and 8505c). HDACi radiosensitized thyroid cancer cells as evidenced by the reduction of survival fraction, whereas they had no effect in the normal cells. HDACi enhanced radiation-induced cell death in WRO cells. Gamma-H2AX foci number increased and persisted long after ionizing exposure in the HDACi-treated cells (WRO and TPC-1). Moreover, the expression of the repair-related gene Ku80 was differentially modulated only in the cancer cells, by the compounds at the protein and/or mRNA levels. We present in vitro evidence that HDACi can enhance the radiosensitivity of human thyroid cancer cells.

Rushing AW, Hoang K, Polakowski N, Lemasson I
The Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Basic Leucine Zipper Factor Attenuates Repair of Double-Stranded DNA Breaks via Nonhomologous End Joining.
J Virol. 2018; 92(15) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a fatal malignancy of CD4

Wang S, Xi J, Lin Z, et al.
Clinical values of Ku80 upregulation in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Cancer Med. 2018; 7(4):1006-1018 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Ku80 is an important DNA repair protein. Here, this study sought to investigate clinical impacts of Ku80 expression for patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Immunohistochemical analysis of Ku80 expression was carried out in normal esophageal mucosa, squamous epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and superficial ESCC. Its relationships with clinicopathological features and survival of superficial ESCC patients were further clarified. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference was used to silence Ku80 gene in ECA109 and KYSE150 cells. Both quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were employed to evaluate Ku80 levels. CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay, flow cytometry, and tumorigenesis experiment were performed to evaluate the malignant phenotype of ECA109 and KYSE150 cells. Increased Ku80 expression was observed in dysplastic esophageal mucosa and carcinoma in situ compared to normal esophageal mucosa (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). Ku80 expression was further increased in superficial ESCC in comparison with dysplastic esophageal mucosa and carcinoma in situ (P < 0.001, P = 0.034). In superficial ESCC, Ku80 overexpression was related to tumor differentiation (P = 0.017), T status (P = 0.011), nodal involvement (P = 0.005), TNM stage (P = 0.004), and postoperative recurrence (P = 0.008). Cox proportional hazards regression showed tumor differentiation, T status, nodal involvement, TNM stage, and Ku80 expression were both independent predictors of patients' overall survival and disease-free survival. Ku80 shRNA effectively reduced Ku80 expression, which significantly inhibited proliferation, clone formation, and induced apoptosis in ECA109 and KYSE150 cells. The tumor growth of xenografts was significantly reduced by Ku80 silencing in ECA109 and KYSE150 cells. Ku80 overexpression associates with unfavorable prognosis of superficial ESCC patients, and silencing of Ku80 could inhibit the malignant behavior of ESCC cells. We provide evidence that Ku80 has unrecognized roles in carcinogenesis and development of ESCC.

Oing C, Tennstedt P, Simon R, et al.
BCL2-overexpressing prostate cancer cells rely on PARP1-dependent end-joining and are sensitive to combined PARP inhibitor and radiation therapy.
Cancer Lett. 2018; 423:60-70 [PubMed] Related Publications
Here we report that BCL2 blocks DNA double strand break (DSB) repair via nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), through sequestration of KU80 protein outside the nucleus. We find that this effect is associated with a repair switch to the error-prone PARP1-dependent end-joining (PARP1-EJ). We present in-vitro proof-of-concept for therapeutic targeting of this switch using PARP inhibitor to specifically enhance the radiosensitivity of BCL2-overexpressing cells. Given its erroneous behavior, PARP1-EJ might allow for the accumulation of genetic alterations and tumor progression. Consistently, we report an inverse correlation between BCL2 expression and biochemical recurrence-free survival of 10.259 prostate cancer (PCa) patients who underwent primary radical-prostatectomy for localized disease. Further, we evaluated retrospectively the impact of BCL2 expression on clinical outcome of 1.426 PCa patients, who had been given salvage radiotherapy at relapse after radical prostatectomy. In line with its role in blocking NHEJ, BCL2 over-expressers showed significantly better response to salvage radiotherapy compared to low-expressers. Collectively, our findings identify BCL2 status in PCa as a putative predictor of (i) radiotherapy response and (ii) response to treatment with PARP inhibitor olaparib as a radiosensitizing agent.

Fu S, Jin L, Gong T, et al.
Effect of sinomenine hydrochloride on radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.
Oncol Rep. 2018; 39(4):1601-1608 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Radiation therapy is one of the most important treatments for unresectable and locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), however, the response to radiotherapy is sometimes limited by the development of radioresistance. Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) has anticancer activity, but its effect on the radiosensitivity of ESCC is unclear. We determined the effect of SH on the radiosensitivity of ESCC cells and elucidated its potential radiosensitization mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. ESCC cells were subjected to SH and radiation, both separately and in combination. Untreated cells served as controls. The CCK‑8 assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation, and the clonogenic assay to estimate radiosensitization. Flow cytometry was used to investigate cell cycle phases and cell apoptosis. Bcl‑2, Bax, cyclin B1, CDK1, Ku86, Ku70, and Rad51 expression was evaluated using western blotting. In vivo, tumor xenografts were created using BALB/c nude mice. Tumor‑growth inhibition was recorded, and Ki‑67 and Bax expression in the tumor tissues was assessed using immunohistochemistry. SH inhibited ESCC cell growth and markedly increased their radiosensitivity by inducing G2/M phase arrest. SH combined with radiation therapy significantly increased ESCC cell apoptosis. The molecular mechanism by which SH enhanced radiosensitivity of ESCC cells was related to Bcl‑2, cyclin B1, CDK1, Ku86, Ku70, and Rad51 downregulation and Bax protein expression upregulation. SH combined with radiation considerably delayed the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that in the SH combined with radiation group, the expression of Bax was significantly higher while that of Ki‑67 was lower than the expressions in the control groups. Taken together, our findings showed that SH could improve the sensitivity of radiation in ESCC cells by inducing G2/M phase arrest, promoting radiation‑induced apoptosis and inhibiting DSB‑repair pathways. SH appears to be a prospective radiosensitizer for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy for ESCC.

Arai H, Wada R, Ishino K, et al.
Expression of DNA damage response proteins in gastric cancer: Comprehensive protein profiling and histological analysis.
Int J Oncol. 2018; 52(3):978-988 [PubMed] Related Publications
Gastric cancer is the third major cause of cancer-related mortality in Japan. The aim of this study was to identify a factor implicated in the biology of gastric cancer by comprehensive protein profiling. Protein profiling was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of 17 gastric cancer cases. Pathway analysis and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis suggested the significant expression of ribonucleoproteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, interleukin binding factor 2 (ILF2), KU70 and KU80, which are involved in DNA damage response (DDR). Thus, the expression and phosphorylation levels of KU70, ILF2, CHK1 and CHK2 were examined by immunohistochemistry in 42 cases of gastric cancer. The expressions of ILF2 and CHK1 were unaffected in all cases. The expression and phosphorylation of CHK2 were absent in 2 cases. Despite the expression of proteins, the phosphorylation of KU70 and CHK2 appeared to be impaired in 1 and 4 cases, respectively. In 7 out of 42 cases (17%), DDR appeared to be impaired. Recurrence was noted in 2 out of these 7 cases (29%), whereas the recurrence was noted in 2 out of the remaining 35 cases (6%). The expression levels of KU70, ILF2, CHK1, CHK2 and TP53 were further examined in 4 gastric cancer cell lines. The expression and phosphorylation levels following exposure to ultraviolet radiation were abnormal in the 3 cell lines. The normal consecutive phosphorylation of CHK1 and CHK2, the upregulation of TP53 and an increase in apoptotic cell death following exposure to ultraviolet radiation was detected only in one cell line, suggesting that the preserved functions of DDR and TP53 are necessary for the determination of cell fate. It is thus suggested that DDR plays an important role in the pathobiology of gastric cancers.

Yang G, Qiu J, Wang D, et al.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Curcumin Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer to Radiation by Altering the Expression of DNA Repair-related Genes.
Anticancer Res. 2018; 38(1):131-136 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the radio-sensitizing efficacy of curcumin, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human colon cancer HT-29 cells were treated with curcumin (2.5 μM), irradiation (10 Gy) and the combination of irradiation and curcumin. Cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V-PE/7-AAD analysis. PCR was performed to determine differential-expression profiling of 95 DNA-repair genes in irradiated cells and cells treated with both irradiation and curcumin. Differentially-expressed genes were confirmed by Western blotting. In vivo radio-sensitizing efficacy of curcumin was assessed in a xenograft mouse model of HT-29 colon cancer. Curcumin was administrated daily by intraperitoneal injection at 20 mg/kg/dose. Mice received irradiation (10 Gy) twice weekly. Apoptosis of the cancer cells following treatment was determined by TUNEL staining.
RESULTS: Irradiation induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of HT-29 cells in vitro. Concurrent curcumin treatment sensitized the HT-29 tumor to irradiation (p<0.01). DNA repair-related genes CCNH and XRCC5 were upregulated and LIG4 and PNKP downregulated by the combination of curcumin and irradiation compared with irradiation alone (p<0.05). Combined treatment of curcumin and irradiation resulted in a significantly greater tumor-growth inhibition and apoptosis compared to irradiation treatment alone (p<0.01).
CONCLUSION: Curcumin sensitizes human colon cancer in vitro and in vivo to radiation. Downregulation of LIG4 and PNKP and upregulation of XRCC5 and CCNH DNA-repair-related genes were involved in the radio-sensitizing efficacy of curcumin in colon cancer.

Zang Y, Pascal LE, Zhou Y, et al.
ELL2 regulates DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair in prostate cancer cells.
Cancer Lett. 2018; 415:198-207 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
ELL2 is an androgen-responsive gene that is expressed by prostate epithelial cells and is frequently down-regulated in prostate cancer. Deletion of Ell2 in the murine prostate induced murine prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and ELL2 knockdown enhanced proliferation and migration in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Here, knockdown of ELL2 sensitized prostate cancer cells to DNA damage and overexpression of ELL2 protected prostate cancer cells from DNA damage. Knockdown of ELL2 impaired non-homologous end joining repair but not homologous recombination repair. Transfected ELL2 co-immunoprecipitated with both Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. ELL2 could bind to and co-accumulate with Ku70/Ku80 proteins at sites of DNA damage. Knockdown of ELL2 dramatically inhibited Ku70 and Ku80 recruitment and retention at DNA double-strand break sites in prostate cancer cells. The impaired recruitment of Ku70 and Ku80 proteins to DNA damage sites upon ELL2 knockdown was rescued by re-expression of an ELL2 transgene insensitive to siELL2. This study suggests that ELL2 is required for efficient NHEJ repair via Ku70/Ku80 in prostate cancer cells.

Sato H, Niimi A, Yasuhara T, et al.
DNA double-strand break repair pathway regulates PD-L1 expression in cancer cells.
Nat Commun. 2017; 8(1):1751 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Accumulating evidence suggests that exogenous cellular stress induces PD-L1 upregulation in cancer. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most critical type of genotoxic stress, but the involvement of DSB repair in PD-L1 expression has not been investigated. Here we show that PD-L1 expression in cancer cells is upregulated in response to DSBs. This upregulation requires ATM/ATR/Chk1 kinases. Using an siRNA library targeting DSB repair genes, we discover that BRCA2 depletion enhances Chk1-dependent PD-L1 upregulation after X-rays or PARP inhibition. In addition, we show that Ku70/80 depletion substantially enhances PD-L1 upregulation after X-rays. The upregulation by Ku80 depletion requires Chk1 activation following DNA end-resection by Exonuclease 1. DSBs activate STAT1 and STAT3 signalling, and IRF1 is required for DSB-dependent PD-L1 upregulation. Thus, our findings reveal the involvement of DSB repair in PD-L1 expression and provide mechanistic insight into how PD-L1 expression is regulated after DSBs.

Naidoo K, Wai PT, Maguire SL, et al.
Evaluation of CDK12 Protein Expression as a Potential Novel Biomarker for DNA Damage Response-Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer.
Mol Cancer Ther. 2018; 17(1):306-315 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Disruption of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 12 (

Zhang Z, Zheng F, Yu Z, et al.
XRCC5 cooperates with p300 to promote cyclooxygenase-2 expression and tumor growth in colon cancers.
PLoS One. 2017; 12(10):e0186900 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandins (PGs) biosynthesis. Previous studies indicate that COX-2, one of the isoforms of COX, is highly expressed in colon cancers and plays a key role in colon cancer carcinogenesis. Thus, searching for novel transcription factors regulating COX-2 expression will facilitate drug development for colon cancer. In this study, we identified XRCC5 as a binding protein of the COX-2 gene promoter in colon cancer cells with streptavidin-agarose pulldown assay and mass spectrometry analysis, and found that XRCC5 promoted colon cancer growth through modulation of COX-2 signaling. Knockdown of XRCC5 by siRNAs inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and of tumor xenografts in a mouse model in vivo by suppressing COX-2 promoter activity and COX-2 protein expression. Conversely, overexpression of XRCC5 promoted the growth of colon cancer cells by activating COX-2 promoter and increasing COX-2 protein expression. Moreover, the role of p300 (a transcription co-activator) in acetylating XRCC5 to co-regulate COX-2 expression was also evaluated. Immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy showed that XRCC5 and p300 proteins were co-located in the nucleus of colon cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assay also proved the interaction between XRCC5 and p300 in nuclear proteins of colon cancer cells. Cell viability assay indicated that the overexpression of wild-type p300, but not its histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain deletion mutant, increased XRCC5 acetylation, thereby up-regulated COX-2 expression and promoted the growth of colon cancer cells. In contrast, suppression of p300 by a p300 HAT-specific inhibitor (C646) inhibited colon cancer cell growth by suppressing COX-2 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that XRCC5 promoted colon cancer growth by cooperating with p300 to regulate COX-2 expression, and suggested that the XRCC5/p300/COX-2 signaling pathway was a potential target in the treatment of colon cancers.

Prasad CB, Prasad SB, Yadav SS, et al.
Olaparib modulates DNA repair efficiency, sensitizes cervical cancer cells to cisplatin and exhibits anti-metastatic property.
Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):12876 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PARP1 trapping at DNA lesion by pharmacological inhibitors has been exploited in several cancers exhibiting defects in DNA repair mechanisms. PARP1 hyperactivation is involved in therapeutic resistance in multiple cancers. The role of PARP1 in cervical cancer (CC) resistance and implication of PARP inhibitor is yet to be elucidated. Our data demonstrates significantly higher expression of PARP1 in primary cervical tumors and CC cell lines SiHa and ME180. Upon cisplatin treatment CC cells display significant overexpression of PARP1 and its hyperactivation. PARP inhibitor olaparib shows significant anti-proliferative effect on CC cells and drive loss of clonogenic survival and enhanced cell death in combination with cisplatin. PARP inhibited cells show delay in resolution of γH2A.X foci and prolonged late S and G2-M phase arrest resulting in apoptosis. Further, PARP inhibition disrupts the localization of base excision repair (BER) effector XRCC1 and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) proteins Ku80 and XRCC4. Due to disrupted relocation of repair factors, cisplatin induced stalled replication forks collapse and convert into double strand breaks (DSBs). Interestingly, PARP inhibition also shows anti-migratory and anti-invasive properties in CC cells, increases anchorage independent cell death and induces anoikis. Collectively, our data demonstrates therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitor in cervical cancer.

Lee N, Kim DK, Han SH, et al.
Comparative Interactomes of VRK1 and VRK3 with Their Distinct Roles in the Cell Cycle of Liver Cancer.
Mol Cells. 2017; 40(9):621-631 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and VRK3 are members of the VRK family of serine/threonine kinases and are principally localized in the nucleus. Despite the crucial roles of VRK1/VRK3 in physiology and disease, the molecular and functional interactions of VRK1/VRK3 are poorly understood. Here, we identified over 200 unreported VRK1/VRK3-interacting candidate proteins by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS. The networks of VRK1 and VRK3 interactomes were found to be associated with important biological processes such as the cell cycle, DNA repair, chromatin assembly, and RNA processing. Interactions of interacting proteins with VRK1/VRK3 were confirmed by biochemical assays. We also found that phosphorylations of XRCC5 were regulated by both VRK1/VRK3, and that of CCNB1 was regulated by VRK3. In liver cancer cells and tissues, VRK1/VRK3 were highly upregulated and its depletion affected cell cycle progression in the different phases. VRK3 seemed to affect S phase progression and G2 or M phase entry and exit, whereas VRK1 affects G1/S transition in the liver cancer, which could be explained by different interacting candidate proteins. Thus, this study not only provides a resource for investigating the unidentified functions of VRK1/VRK3, but also an insight into the regulatory roles of VRK1/VRK3 in biological processes.

Sanie-Jahromi F, Saadat M
Different profiles of the mRNA levels of DNA repair genes in MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cells after treatment with combination of cisplatin, 50-Hz electromagnetic field and bleomycin.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 94:564-568 [PubMed] Related Publications
Neurotoxicity is known to be a major dose-limiting adverse effect of cisplatin (CDDP), alone or in combination with other chemicals. DNA repair capacity serve as a neuroprotective factor against CDDP. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 50-Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) in combination with CDDP and bleomycin (Bleo) on expression of some of DNA repair genes (GADD45A, XRCC1, XRCC4, Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs and LIG4) in MCF-7 (breast cancer) and SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) cell lines. MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cells were pre-treated with CDDP in the presence or absence of EMF and then exposed to different concentration of Bleo. EMF (0.50mT intensity) was used in the intermittenet pattern of "15min field on/15min field off" with 30min total exposure. Cell viability assay was done and then the transcript levels of the examined genes were measured using quantitative real-time PCR in "CDDP+Bleo" and "CDDP+EMF+Bleo" treatments. Our results indicated that MCF-7 cells treated with "CDDP+EMF+Bleo" showed more susceptibility compared with "CDDP+Bleo" treated ones, while SH-SY5Y susceptibility was not changed between the two treatments. The represented data indicated that MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y cells showed non-random disagreement in DNA repair gene expression in 11 conditions (out of 14 conditions) with each other (χ

Shang B, Jia Y, Chen G, Wang Z
Ku80 correlates with neoadjuvant chemotherapy resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma, but reduces cisplatin/pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549 cells.
Respir Res. 2017; 18(1):56 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Ku80 is a DNA repair protein which involves in cell apoptosis and chemoresistance. However, it is unclear whether Ku80 correlates with the efficiency of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human lung adenocarcinoma, and modulates cisplatin/pemetrexed-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis in vitro.
METHODS: We recruited 110 patients with stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma, who received 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and their lungs were reevaluated by CT scan. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression level of Ku80. A549 cells were transfected by lentiviral vector containing shRNA and full length cDNA to knockdown or upregulate Ku80 gene expression. CCK8 assay, flow cytometry and Western blot were employed to determine the viability and apoptosis of A549 cells treated with cisplatin combined with pemetrexed.
RESULTS: Ku80 expression was detected in 76 patients (69%). There were 38 patients who responded to chemotherapy, where Ku80 was positively expressed in 7 cases (18.4%). Immunohistochemical score of Ku80 protein in the response group (2.079 ± 1.617) to chemotherapy was lower than that in the nonresponse group (5.597 ± 2.114, P < 0.05). Tissue samples from the nonresponse group exhibited higher Ku80 mRNA levels compared to the response group. Ku80 knockdown by shRNA augmented cisplatin/pemetrexed-induced decline in viability, whereas Ku80 overexpression attenuated viability reduction induced by these drugs compared to control A549 cells. Both flow cytometry and Western blot analysis displayed that the apoptotic rate of Ku80 shRNA-transfected A549 cells was significantly increased compared to control cells treated with cisplatin/pemetrexed, which was lowered by Ku80 overexpression.
CONCLUSION: Ku80 could predict the probability of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced cisplatin and pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549 cells.

Wu Z, Jing S, Li Y, et al.
The effects of SAHA on radiosensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and targeting RAD51.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 89:705-710 [PubMed] Related Publications
Suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is one of the most promising Histone deacetylases(HDAC) inhibitors which has shown significant anti-tumor activity for many malignancies. We explored the potential mechanism of the radiosensitivity effect of SAHA in Panc-1 cells and attempted to develop SAHA as a systemic treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. Growth inhibition was detected by CCK-8 assay. Radiosensitizing enhancement ratio was determined by clonogenic assay. The cell cycle and apoptosis assay was detected using flow cytometry and annexin-V/PI. The level of Bax, Bcl-2, Ku70, Ku86, RAD51, RAD54 protein expression were detected using Western blot analysis. Gene silencing was processed by lentiviral vector and qRT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA expression. The results revealed that SAHA inhibited the proliferation of Panc-1 cells. SAHA enhanced the radiosensitivity with a sensitization enhancement ratio(SER) of 1.10 of the Panc-1 cells. SAHA induced G2-M phase arrest and apoptosis of Panc-1 cells with radiation. SAHA upregulated Bax and downregulated Bcl-2, Ku70, Ku86, RAD51, RAD54 protein expression of irradiated Panc-1 cells. SAHA enhanced the radiosensitivity of Panc-1 cells by modulating RAD51 expression. SAHA enhanced radiosensitivity to pancreatic carcinoma Panc-1 cells. It was associated with the G2-M phase arrest and apoptosis via modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Downregulation of Ku70, Ku86, RAD51 and RAD54 expression caused suppression of HR-mediated DNA repair. SAHA is a good radiosensitizer for pancreatic cancer treatment.

Green AR, Aleskandarany MA, Ali R, et al.
Clinical Impact of Tumor DNA Repair Expression and T-cell Infiltration in Breast Cancers.
Cancer Immunol Res. 2017; 5(4):292-299 [PubMed] Related Publications
Impaired DNA repair drives mutagenicity, which increases neoantigen load and immunogenicity. We investigated the expression of proteins involved in the DNA damage response (ATM, Chk2), double-strand break repair (BRCA1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, RECQL5, TOPO2A, DNA-PKcs, Ku70/Ku80), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC1), base excision repair (XRCC1, pol β, FEN1, PARP1), and immune responses (CD8, PD-1, PD-L1, FOXP3) in 1,269 breast cancers and validated our findings in an independent estrogen receptor-negative (ER

Pinel B, Duchesne M, Godet J, et al.
Mesenchymal subtype of glioblastomas with high DNA-PKcs expression is associated with better response to radiotherapy and temozolomide.
J Neurooncol. 2017; 132(2):287-294 [PubMed] Related Publications
A better understanding of the relationship between glioblastomas molecular subtypes and radio-chemotherapy is needed for the development of individualized strategies. In this study, we aimed to assess whether non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) protein expression is associated and could predict responses to treatment of mesenchymal (MES) and proneural (PN) subtypes. Tumors from 122 patients with a glioblastoma treated at the University Hospital of Poitiers between 2002-2013 by an association of radiotherapy and temozolomide were collected. Among these tumors, 80 were suitable for in situ analysis and were included in TissueMicroArray. The expression of DNA-PKcs, Ku70, Ku80 and CD44, Olig2 (respectively surrogate markers of MES and PN subtypes) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The median survival of patients with high and low CD44 expression was 11.9 months (95% CI 7.7-14) and 19.1 months (95% CI 15.2-22.4) respectively (p = 0.008). Median survival of patients with high and low DNA-PKcs levels was 20.0 months (95% CI 15.2-25.3) and 12.9 months (95% CI 9.9-19.5) respectively (p = 0.036). High levels of Olig2, Ku70 and Ku80 tended to be associated with better overall survival but no significant differences were found. Overall survival of class I patients (CD44+ and DNA-PKcs+) was longer than class II (CD44+ and DNA-PKcs- or CD44- and DNA-PKcs+) and class III (CD44- and DNA-PKcs-), (p = 0.005 and 0.003 respectively). High levels of CD44 and DNA-PK are associated with a better survival and better response to radiotherapy and temozolomide and could establish prognosis classes by predicting survival and response to therapy for GBMs patients.

Levallet G, Dubois F, Fouret P, et al.
MSH2/BRCA1 expression as a DNA-repair signature predicting survival in early-stage lung cancer patients from the IFCT-0002 Phase 3 Trial.
Oncotarget. 2017; 8(3):4313-4329 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: DNA repair is a double-edged sword in lung carcinogenesis. When defective, it promotes genetic instability and accumulated genetic alterations. Conversely these defects could sensitize cancer cells to therapeutic agents inducing DNA breaks.
METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess MSH2, XRCC5, and BRCA1 expression in 443 post-chemotherapy specimens from patients randomized in a Phase 3 trial, comparing two neoadjuvant regimens in 528 Stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (IFCT-0002). O6MGMT promoter gene methylation was analyzed in a subset of 208 patients of the same trial with available snap-frozen specimens.
RESULTS: Median follow-up was from 90 months onwards. Only high BRCA1 (n = 221, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.07-2.34], p = 0.02) and low MSH2 expression (n = 356, HR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.11-2.08], p = 0.008) significantly predicted better overall survival (OS) in univariate and multivariate analysis. A bootstrap re-sampling strategy distinguished three patient groups at high (n = 55, low BRCA1 and high MSH2, median OS >96 months, HR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.45-4.33], p = 0.001), intermediate (n = 82, median OS = 73.4 p = 0.0596), and low (high BRCA1 and low MSH2, n = 67, median OS = ND, HR = 0.51, 95% CI [0.31-0.83], p = 0.006) risk of death.
INTERPRETATION: DNA repair protein expression assessment identified three different groups of risk of death in early-stage lung cancer patients, according to their tumor MSH2 and BRCA1 expression levels. These results deserve prospective evaluation of MSH2/BRCA1 theranostic value in lung cancer patients treated with combinations of DNA-damaging chemotherapy and drugs targeting DNA repair, such as Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.

He X, Zhu X, Li L, et al.
The relationship between polymorphisms of XRCC5 genes with astrocytoma prognosis in the Han Chinese population.
Oncotarget. 2016; 7(51):85283-85290 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Gliomas are highly malignant with a poor prognosis. Studies have reported that DNA repair genes influence risk for glioma, but its relationship with prognosis is unclear. In this study, we want to explore the relationship between DNA repair genes (XRCC3, XRCC4 and XRCC5) and prognosis of astrocytoma in the Chinese Han population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 160 astrocytoma cases were recruited in our study. Survival probabilities were estimated by using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and significant differences were analyzed by using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the associations between genotypes with astrocytoma survival. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable models. All tests were two-sided and p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
RESULTS: The SNP (rs9288516) in XRCC5 (HR: 1.69, 95%CI: 1.04 - 2.77, p = 0.049), surgical approach (HR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.43 - 0.88, p = 0.003) and chemotherapy (HR: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.50 - 0.99, p = 0.029) were associated with astrocytoma prognosis. Further, the "A/A" genotype of rs9288516 in XRCC5 (HR: 1.67, 95%CI: 1.02 - 2.72, p = 0.042) had significantly outcomes after adjusting for potential confounders, patients with poor tumor differentiation and the coexistence of the unfavorable genotypes.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that polymorphisms of XRCC5 play an important role in astrocytoma prognosis in the Chinese Han population which could be used in the determination of astrocytoma prognosis in clinical researches.

Ai J, Pascal LE, Wei L, et al.
EAF2 regulates DNA repair through Ku70/Ku80 in the prostate.
Oncogene. 2017; 36(15):2054-2065 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Androgens are known to protect prostate cancer cells from DNA damage. Recent studies showed regulation of DNA repair genes by androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancers. ELL-associated factor 2 (EAF2) is an androgen-regulated tumor suppressor and its intracellular localization can be modulated by ultraviolet light, suggesting a potential role for EAF2 in androgen regulation of DNA repair in prostate cancer cells. Here we show that knockdown of EAF2 or its homolog EAF1 sensitized prostate cancer cells to DNA damage and the sensitization did not require p53. EAF2 knockout mouse prostate was also sensitized to γ-irradiation. Furthermore, EAF2 knockdown blocked androgen repression of LNCaP or C4-2 cells from doxorubicin induction of γH2ax, a DNA damage marker. In human prostate cancer specimens, EAF2 expression was inversely correlated with the level of γH2ax. Further analysis showed that EAF2 and EAF1 are required for the recruitment and retention of Ku70/Ku80 to DNA damage sites and play a functional role in nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair. These findings provide evidence for EAF2 as a key factor mediating androgen protection of DNA damage via Ku70/Ku80 in prostate cancer cells.

Sanie-Jahromi F, Saadat I, Saadat M
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field and cisplatin on mRNA levels of some DNA repair genes.
Life Sci. 2016; 166:41-45 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIMS: It has been shown that exposure to extremely-low frequency (˂300Hz) oscillating electromagnetic field (EMF) can affect gene expression. The effects of different exposure patterns of 50-Hz EMF and co-treatment of EMF plus cisplatin (CDDP) on mRNA levels of seven genes involved in DNA repair pathways (GADD45A, XRCC1, XRCC4, Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs and LIG4) were evaluated.
MAIN METHODS: Two 50-Hz EMF intensities (0.25 and 0.50mT), three exposure patterns (5min field-on/5min field-off, 15min field-on/15min field-off, 30min field-on continuously) and two cell lines (MCF-7 and SH-SY5Y) were used. The mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR.
KEY FINDINGS: The examined genes had tendency to be down-regulated in MCF-7 cells treated with EMF. In the pattern of 15min field-on/15min field-off of the 0.50mT EMF, no increase in mRNA levels were observed, but the mRNA levels of GADD45A, XRCC1, XRCC4, Ku80, Ku70, and LIG4 were down-regulated. A significant elevation in IC
SIGNIFICANCE: Present study provides evidence that co-treatment of CDDP+EMF can enhance down-regulation of the genes involved in non-homologous end-joining pathway. It might be suggested that co-treatment of CDDP+EMF could be more promising for sensitizing cancer cells to DNA double strand breaks.

Wei S, Zhang ZY, Fu SL, et al.
Hsa-miR-623 suppresses tumor progression in human lung adenocarcinoma.
Cell Death Dis. 2016; 7(9):e2388 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Our previous study revealed that Ku80 was overexpressed in lung cancer tissues and hsa-miR-623 regulated the Ku80 expression; however, the detailed function of hsa-miR-623 in lung cancer was unclear. We identified that hsa-miR-623 bound to the 3'-UTR of Ku80 mRNA, thus significantly decreasing Ku80 expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Hsa-miR-623 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with corresponding non-tumorous tissues, and its expression was inversely correlated with Ku80 upregulation. Downregulation of hsa-miR-623 was associated with poor clinical outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Hsa-miR-623 suppressed lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration and invasion in vitro. Hsa-miR-623 inhibited xenografts growth and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma in vivo. Ku80 knockdown in lung adenocarcinoma cells suppressed tumor properties in vitro and in vivo similar to hsa-miR-623 overexpression. Further, hsa-miR-623 overexpression decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression levels, with decreased ERK/JNK phosphorylation. Inhibition of hsa-miR-623 or overexpression of Ku80 promoted lung adenocarcinoma cell invasion, activated ERK/JNK phosphorylation and increased MMP-2/9 expressions, which could be reversed by ERK kinase inhibitor or JNK kinase inhibitor. In summary, our results showed that hsa-miR-623 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and suppressed the invasion and metastasis targeting Ku80 through ERK/JNK inactivation mediated downregulation of MMP-2/9. These findings reveal that hsa-miR-623 may serve as an important therapeutic target in lung cancer therapy.

Yan SY, Fan JG, Qio L
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma- New Insights for an Old Topic.
Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2017; 17(6):505-511 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most deadly form of liver cancer. Chronic hepatitis and subsequent liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are the major causes of HCC. HBV infection results not only in HCC but also extra-hepatic cancers. However, the importance and approaches for HCC screening in HBV infected individuals, the risk factors of HCC, the possible mechanisms leading to HCC and the potential therapeutic approaches of HBV-related HCC have less been systematic reviewed.
METHODS: In this study, we reviewed the screening, risk, new biomarker, mechanism and therapeutic of HBV-related HCC.
RESULTS: Serum AFP should be used for the HCC screening in CHB patients. Higher HBV viral load is associated with increased risk of HCC. HBV genotype and genetic polymorphism contribute to the risk of HCC.Ku86, Ku86 antibody, miR-18a, miR-122 and miR-150 may be reliable markers of HBVrelated HCC. MicroRNAs and HBx play a key role in HBV-related HCC. Two types of drugs, conventional interferon (IFN), and nucleoside analogs (NAs), have recently become available for the treatment of CHB infection. However, treatment guidelines for these patients have not yet established.
CONCLUSION: A comprehensive understanding of how HBV infection causes HCC is of great importance in developing more effective antiviral therapy and prevention of late stage consequences such as cirrhosis and HCC. Regular screening in HBV infected individuals is a practically useful approach in reducing the HCC incidence in these patients. More reliable markers for HCC early detection should be explored. Combining IFNs and NAs with other curative approaches have superior benefits in preventing HCC recurrence.

Domagala P, Hybiak J, Rys J, et al.
Pathological complete response after cisplatin neoadjuvant therapy is associated with the downregulation of DNA repair genes in BRCA1-associated triple-negative breast cancers.
Oncotarget. 2016; 7(42):68662-68673 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered a suitable surrogate marker of treatment efficacy in patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pCR as a result of such treatment remain obscure. Using real-time PCR arrays we compared the expression levels of 120 genes involved in the main mechanisms of DNA repair in 43 pretreatment biopsies of BRCA1-associated TNBCs exhibiting pCR and no pathological complete response (non-pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin. Altogether, 25 genes were significantly differentially expressed between tumors exhibiting pCR and non-pCR, and these genes were downregulated in the pCR group compared to the non-pCR group. A difference in expression level greater than 1.5-fold was detected for nine genes: MGMT, ERCC4, FANCB, UBA1, XRCC5, XPA, XPC, PARP3, and RPA1. The non-homologous end joining and nucleotide excision repair pathways of DNA repair showed the most significant relevance. Expression profile of DNA repair genes associated with pCR was different in the node-positive (20 genes with fold change >1.5) and node-negative (only 3 genes) subgroups. Although BRCA1 germline mutations are the principal defects in BRCA1-associated TNBC, our results indicate that the additional downregulation of other genes engaged in major pathways of DNA repair may play a decisive role in the pathological response of these tumors to cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The results suggest that patients with node-positive BRCA1-associated TNBCs that do not exhibit pCR after cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be candidates for subsequent therapy with PARP inhibitors, whereas UBA1 may be a potential therapeutic target in node-negative subgroup.

Ribeiro HL, Soares Maia AR, Costa MB, et al.
Influence of functional polymorphisms in DNA repair genes of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Leuk Res. 2016; 48:62-72 [PubMed] Related Publications
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) malignances characterized by peripheral cytopenias and predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia transformation. Several studies show that the MDS pathogenesis is a complex and heterogeneous process that involves multiple steps through a sequence of genetic lesions in the DNA which lead to functional changes in the cell and the emergence and subsequent evolution of pre-malignant clone. Double strand breaks (DSB) lesions are the most severe type of DNA damage in HSCs, which, if not properly repaired, might contribute to the development of chromosomal abnormalities, which in turn may lead to leukemia development. We assessed the mRNA expression levels of ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes in bone marrow samples of 47 MDS patients in order to evaluate the association with functional polymorphisms rs228593, rs4793191, rs9567623, rs1801320, rs3835, rs2267437 and rs1805388, respectively, and try to detect clinical associations. We found that the rs228593, rs2267437 and rs1805388 functional polymorphisms probably alter the level of expression of the ATM, XRCC6 and LIG4 genes, respectively, being important in the maintenance of genomic instability in MDS.

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